Lecture 7 Articulation COVID (3).pptx

Support & Movement Articulations Joints (Articulations) Body movement occurs at joints where 2 bones connect Joint structure determines direction and range of movement Joint strength decreases as mobility increases  Classification of Joints Functional Structural No movem...

Support & Movement Articulations Joints (Articulations) Body movement occurs at joints where 2 bones connect Joint structure determines direction and range of movement Joint strength decreases as mobility increases  Classification of Joints Functional Structural No movement Bony Synarthrosis Fibrous Little movement Amphiarthrosis Cartilaginous More movement Synovial Diarthrosis Synarthrosis Immovable joints Very strong Edges of bones may touch or interlock 4 Types: ̶Suture (fibrous) ̶Gomphosis (fibrous) ̶Synchondrosis (cartilaginous) ̶Synostosis (Bony) Synarthrosis: Suture Bones interlocked Bound by dense fibrous connective tissue Only in skull Synarthrosis: Gomphosis Fibrous connection (periodontal ligaments) Bind teeth to sockets Synarthrosis: Synchondrosis Rigid cartilaginous bridge between 2 bones: epiphyseal cartilage of growing long bones between ribs and sternum (costochondral junction) Synarthrosis: Synostosis Fused bones: metopic suture of the frontal bone of an adult skull epiphyseal lines of non growing adult long bones Amphiarthrosis Slightly movable 2 types: ̶syndesmosis:  e.g., superior and inferior tibiofibular joints ̶symphysis:  e.g., intervertebral discs – symphysis pubis Diarthroses Medullary cavity Spongy bone Moveable joints Periosteum Components of Synovial joints Synovial Joints Joint capsule At ends of long bones Synovial membrane Components … Articular cartilages Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Metaphysis Compact bone Articular Cartilages Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules: prevent bones from touching Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid:  secreted by fibroblasts in the synovial membrane  contains hyaluronan & slippery proteoglycans  functions:  lubrication reduce friction  nutrient distribution  shock absorption Synovial Joints: Accessory Structures Cartilages (menisci) : Quadriceps ̶ cushion the joint tendon Patella Fat pads: Accessory Structures of a Joint capsule Knee Joint Femur ̶ superficial to the joint capsule Synovial Bursa Ligaments: membrane Joint cavity Fat pad ̶ for support and strength Articular Meniscus Tendons: cartilage Ligaments Tibia ̶ attach to muscles around joint Extracapsular ligament (patellar) Bursae: Intracapsular ligament (cruciate) ̶ pockets of synovial fluid ̶ cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub Dynamic Movements of the Skeleton Dynamic Motions Types: ̶linear motion (gliding) ̶angular motion ̶circumduction ̶rotation Terms of movements describe: ̶plane or direction of motion ̶relationship between structures  Extension Flexion & Extension Flexion Hyperextension Flexion Flexion Hyper- extension Extension Extension Flexion Hyperextension Lateral flexion Extension a Flexion/extension Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion Dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) Plantar flexion (ankle extension) Adduction & Abduction Abduction Abduction Adduction Adduction Abduction Abduction Adduction Adduction b Abduction/adduction Circumduction d Circumduction Rotation Head rotation Right Left rotation rotation Lateral (external) Medial (internal) rotation Supination Pronation rotation b Supination a Pronation Inversion & Eversion Eversion Inversion Mandibular Movements Depression Elevation Retraction Protraction Opposition Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping) Opposition Classification of Synovial Joints Plane (Axis) Non-axial Mononaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Classification of Synovial Joints Plane Shape (Axis) Non-axial Gliding Hinge Mononaxial Pivot Ellipsoidal Biaxial Saddle Ball-and- Multiaxial socket Classification of Synovial Joints Plane Shape Example (Axis) Non-axial Gliding Intercarpal joints Hinge Elbow joint Mononaxial Pivot Atlantoaxial joint Ellipsoidal Radiocarpal joint Biaxial 1st Saddle carpometacarpal joint Ball-and- Multiaxial socket Shoulder joint Non-axial: Gliding Joints Flattened or slightly curved faces Limited motion Gliding joint Movement: Examples: Gliding joints, or plane joints, have Gliding. Acromioclavicular and icle flattened or slightly curved surfaces Slight nonaxial Clav claviculosternal joints that slide across one another, but Intercarpal and the amount of movement is very intertarsal joints Manubrium Vertebrocostal joints slight. Sacroiliac joints Mononaxial: Hinge Joints Angular motion in a single plane Hinge joint Movement: Examples: Hinge joints permit Angular. Elbow joint angular motion in a Monaxial Humerus Knee joint single plane, like the Ankle joint opening and closing of Interphalangeal joint a door. Ulna Mononaxial: Pivot Joints Rotation only Pivot joint Movement: Examples: Rotation. Atlantoaxial joint Pivot joints only permit Monaxial Atlas Proximal radioulnar joint rotation. Axis Biaxial: Ellipsoidal (Condylar) Joints Oval articular face within a depression Motion in 2 planes Condylar joint Movement: Examples: Angular. Radiocarpal joint Condylar joints, or ellipsoidal Biaxial Metacarpophalangeal joints, have an oval articular Scaphoid joints 2–5 face nestled within a depression bone Metatarsophalangeal on the opposing surface. joint Radius Ulna Biaxial: Saddle Joints 2 concave faces, straddled Movement: Examples: Saddle joint First carpometacarpal Saddle joints have complex Angular. articular faces and fit together like Biaxial joint III II a rider in a saddle. Each face is Metacarpal concave along one axis and bone of thumb convex along the other. Trapezium Multiaxial: Ball-and-Socket Joints Round articular face in a depression Movement: Examples: Ball-and-socket joint Shoulder joint Angular, In a ball-and-socket joint, Hip joint circumduction, the round head of one bone Scapula and rotation. rests within a Triaxial/Multiaxial cup-shaped depression in another. Humerus Strength & Mobility A joint can’t be both mobile and strong The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint Mobile joints are supported by: muscles ligaments Structures & Functions of Selected Joints Intervertebral Articulations C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate: at superior and inferior articular processes (diarthrosis gliding synovial joints) between adjacent vertebral bodies (amphiarthrosis symphyseal joints) Movements of the Vertebral Column Intervertebral Discs Intervertebral Disc Vertebral end plate Pads of fibrocartilage Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Separate bodies of vertebrae Structure: ̶annulus fibrosus:  tough outer layer  attaches disc to vertebrae ̶nucleus pulposus:  elastic, gelatinous core  absorbs shocks Damage to Intervertebral Discs Slipped disc: ̶ bulge in anulus fibrosus ̶ may invade vertebral canal Herniated disc: ̶ nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus ̶ presses on spinal cord or nerves Intervertebral Ligaments Superior articular facet Intervertebral Disc Intervertebral foramen Vertebral end plate 6 intervertebral ligaments Intervertebral Anulus fibrosus Ligaments Ligamentum flavum Nucleus pulposus Bind vertebrae together Spinal cord Posterior longitudinal Stabilize the vertebral column ligament Spinal nerve Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Intervertebral Ligaments Superior articular facet Intervertebral Disc Intervertebral foramen Vertebral end plate Anterior longitudinal ligament: Intervertebral Ligaments Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus ̶ connects anterior bodies Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament: Spinal cord Posterior longitudinal ̶ connects posterior bodies ligament Ligamentum flavum: Spinal nerve Interspinous ligament ̶ connects laminae Interspinous ligament: ̶ connects spinous processes Supraspinous ligament: Supraspinous ligament ̶ connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum) Anterior longitudinal ligament Intervertebral Ligaments Anterior longitudinal ligament: ̶ connects anterior bodies Posterior longitudinal ligament: ̶ connects posterior bodies Ligamentum flavum: ̶ connects laminae Interspinous ligament: ̶ connects spinous processes Supraspinous ligament: ̶ connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum) Ligamentum nuchae: ̶ continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull) Shoulder Joint Diarthrosis multiaxial ball-and-socket synovial Acromioclavicular Coracoacromial Coracoclavicular Between head of humerus and ligament ligament ligaments glenoid cavity of scapula Tendon of supraspinatus muscle Clavicle Acromion Highest mobility… least stability Articular capsule Coracoid Subdeltoid process bursa Scapula Synovial membrane Articular cartilages Humerus Joint cavity Glenoid labrum Articular capsule Structures of the Shoulder Joint Subcoracoid bursa Ligaments Stabilizing the Shoulder Joint Tendon of biceps Clavicle Acromioclavicular Glenoid cavity brachii muscle Subacromial bursa ligament Coracoclavicular Glenoid labrum: io n ligaments Muscles and rom Tendons of the Ac Coracoacromial ̶ fibrocartilage lining Rotator Cuff ligament ̶ extends past the bone Tendon of Coracohumeral supraspinatus ligament (cut) ̶ deepens socket of glenoid cavitymuscle Glenohumeral Bursae Tendon of ligaments infraspinatus Ligaments … muscle Subscapular bursa Teres minor Glenoid cavity muscle Glenoid labrum Subscapularis Articular capsule muscle Scapula Ligaments of the Shoulder Joint Acromioclavicular Coracoacromial Acromioclavicular ligament Coracoacromial ligament Coracoclavicular ligaments Coracoclavicular Tendon of Clavicle supraspinatus muscle Acromion Articular capsule Coracoid Subdeltoid process bursa Scapula Synovial membrane Articular cartilages Humerus Joint cavity Glenoid labrum Articular capsule Ligaments of the Shoulder Joint Subcoracoid bursa Ligaments Stabilizing the Shoulder Joint Tendon of biceps Clavicle Acromioclavicular Acromioclavicular brachii muscle Subacromial bursa ligament Coracoclavicular Coracoacromial Muscles and om io n ligaments r Ac Coracoacromial Coracoclavicular Tendons of the Rotator Cuff ligament Coracohumeral Tendon of supraspinatus Coracohumeral ligament (cut) Glenohumeral muscle Tendon of Glenohumeral ligaments infraspinatus muscle Subscapular bursa Teres minor Glenoid cavity muscle Glenoid labrum Subscapularis Articular capsule muscle Scapula Elbow Joint Diarthrosis monoaxial hinge synovial joint Between humerus, radius, and ulna Stable joint Humerus Radius Ulna Articulations of the Elbow Humeroulnar joint: ̶larger articulation ̶trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna Humeroradial joint: ̶smaller articulation ̶capitulum of humerus and head of radius Ligaments of the Elbow Joint Ulnar collateral ligament Tendon of biceps Annular Humerus brachii muscle ligament Radial collateral ligament Articular Annular ligament Antebrachial capsule Radial interosseous collateral membrane Medial Humerus ligament epicondyle Ulnar Radius collateral Radius ligament Ulna Olecranon Ulna of ulna Annular ligament (covering head and neck of radius) Hip (Coxal) Joint Diarthrosis multiaxial ball-and-socket synovial Between head of the femur and acetabulum of the hipbone Strong joint with wide range of motion Structures of the Hip Joint Horseshoe (incomplete Iliofemoral ligament Articular cartilage ring) fibrocartilage pad Acetabular labrum Acetabular labrum: Ligament of the Acetabulum femoral head ̶projecting rim of Transverse acetabular ligament (spanning fibrocartilage increasing acetabular notch) depth of joint cavity Fat pad Fat pad in acetabular Ligaments … fossa Ligaments of the Hip Joint Iliofemoral Ischiofemoral Pubofemoral Posterior view Transverse acetabular Ligamentum teres Lateral view Anterior view Knee Joint Fibula is NOT part of the knee joint Diarthrosis monoaxial hinge synovial joint Complicated joint that transfers weight from femur to tibia Articulations: ̶2 femur–tibia articulations:  at medial and lateral condyles ̶1 between patella and patellar surface of femur  Patellar Menisci of the Knee Joint surface Medial and lateral menisci: Lateral Medial condyle condyle ̶fibrocartilage pads ̶at femur–tibia articulations Menisci ̶cushion and stabilize joint Medial Tibia Lateral Fibula Ligaments of the Knee Joint Ligaments of the Knee Joint (2) Patellar surface Ligaments that Stabilize the Knee Joint Posterior cruciate ligament Lateral Medial Anterior cruciate condyle condyle ligament Tibial collateral ligament Menisci Medial Fibular collateral ligament Tibia Lateral Cut tendon of biceps femoris muscle Fibula b Deep anterior view, flexed Common Clinical Problems Joint Injuries Dislocation (luxation): articulating surfaces forced out of position damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule Subluxation: a partial dislocation Dislocated knee Subluxated hip  Rheumatism Arthralgia Arthritis Osteoarthritis Arthritis Inflammation of joints Causes: infections: e.g., bacterial - viral trauma or physical stress autoimmune: e.g., rheumatoid arthritis - SLE metabolic: e.g., gout Rheumatoid Arthritis An inflammatory condition caused by autoimmune disease Results in joint destruction and deformity Gouty Arthritis Metabolic disorder of uric acid Uric acid crystals form within synovial fluid Arthralgia & Rheumatism Arthralgia: pain in one or more joints Rheumatism: non-specific term pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems Osteoarthritis Non inflammatory degenerative joint disease Common joint disorder Middle-aged / older people More common in obese Mainly affects weight bearing joints specially knees Pathology: ̶ breakdown of the joint's cartilage ̶ cartilage erodes, eventually allowing the bones to rub together causing pain and stiffness Normal Knee Joint Osteoarthritis Factors Affecting Bone Strength Age Physical stress Hormone levels Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion Genetic and environmental factors Effect of Aging on Skeletal System Decreased bone mass Bones weaken Increased risk of fracture and dislocation (e.g., hip) Degeneration of articular surfaces Integration with Other Systems Effects of Disorders on Skeletal System Disorders in other body systems can cause: ̶bone tumors ̶osteoporosis i v e G l es ̶arthritis m p Exa ̶demineralization (rickets or osteomalacia)  Classification of Joints Functional Structur al Cartilaginous Bony Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis Synovial Fibrous Biaxial Saddle Syndesmosi Symphysi s s Ellipsoidal Sutur e Gomphosi Synostosis Gliding Hinge Ball-and- s Pivot socket Synchondrosi Non-axial Monoaxial Multiaxial s