Psychology Chapter on Person Perception

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Questions and Answers

What is social loafing?

The tendency to act in altruistic ways when in groups.

The tendency for people to perform better in groups.

The increased effort put in by individuals in competitive settings.

The reduction of effort when individuals work in a group. (correct)

Which concept explains why people comply with orders?

Obedience (correct)

Social facilitation

Conformity

Social responsibility norm

What does the bystander effect refer to?

Individuals being more likely to help when observed by others.

The reluctance to help because others are present. (correct)

The tendency of bystanders to help if no one else is present.

Prioritizing the needs of others when in a group.

Which principle suggests that frustration can lead to aggression?

Frustration-aggression principle Signup and view all the answers

What is groupthink?

A consensus-seeking tendency that suppresses disagreement. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the concept of superordinate goals?

Common objectives that promote group cohesion despite differences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for cognitive dissonance?

Inconsistent beliefs or attitudes leading to psychological discomfort. Signup and view all the answers

In a tight culture, how are societal norms generally characterized?

Clearly defined rules and expectations. Signup and view all the answers

What is dispositional attribution?

Explaining behavior based on personality and choices Signup and view all the answers

What defines the actor-observer bias?

Blaming situational factors for one's own actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept behind cognitive dissonance?

Adjusting thoughts to match uncomfortable actions Signup and view all the answers

How does the mere exposure effect influence people's feelings?

Encourages liking for things seen repeatedly Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the foot in the door phenomenon?

Agreement to a small request increases likelihood of agreeing to larger requests later Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes explicit prejudice from implicit prejudice?

Explicit prejudice is intentional, while implicit is unintentional Signup and view all the answers

What does the just world phenomenon imply?

People are responsible for their own misfortunes Signup and view all the answers

What does groupthink refer to in a social context?

The tendency to conform to group opinions without critical reasoning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Person Perception

Attribution Theory: Explains why people behave the way they do.
Dispositional Attribution: Explains behavior based on personality.
Situational Attribution: Explains behavior based on the situation.
Actor-Observer Bias: When explaining our own actions, we attribute them to the situation. When explaining others' actions, we attribute them to their personality.
Fundamental Attribution Error: Overestimating internal factors and underestimating external factors in explaining others' behavior.
Mere Exposure Effect: Repeated exposure to something increases liking.
Proximity, Attraction, Similarity: Factors influencing attraction.
Attitudes: Feelings influenced by beliefs, leading to specific responses.
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely to agree to a larger request.
Roles: Societal norms regarding specific positions.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Adjusting thoughts to match actions to reduce discomfort.
Persuasion: Changing attitudes.
Peripheral Route Persuasion: Influenced by superficial cues (e.g., attractiveness).
Central Route Persuasion: Influenced by logic and evidence.
Prejudice: Unjustified negative attitude toward a group.
Implicit Prejudice: Unintentional bias.
Explicit Prejudice: Intentional bias.
Stereotyping: Generalized belief about a group.
Discrimination: Unjustified negative behavior toward a group.
Just-World Phenomenon: Belief the world is fair, blaming victims for their circumstances.
Social Identity: Defining ourselves based on groups.
Ingroup: Groups we belong to.
Ingroup Bias: Favoring our own group.
Outgroup: Groups we don't belong to.
Vivid Case: An impactful example influencing judgments.
Scapegoat Theory: Blaming others for problems.
Other-Race Effect: Easier recognition of faces of one's own race.
Conformity: Adjusting behavior to fit in.
Normative Social Influence: Conformity to gain acceptance.
Informational Social Influence: Conformity based on belief in others' knowledge.
Social Contagion: Mimicking behaviors of others.
Obedience: Complying with orders.
Social Facilitation: Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.
Social Loafing: Reduced effort in group tasks.
Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness in group settings, leading to impulsive acts
Group Polarization: Group decisions becoming more extreme after discussion.

Culture & Altruism

Culture: Shared behaviors and ideas within a group.
Tight Culture: Strict norms.
Loose Culture: Flexible norms.
Altruism: Selfless concern for others' well-being.
Bystander Effect: Less likely to help when others are present.
Social Exchange Theory: Relationships based on cost-benefit analysis.
Reciprocity Norm: Expectation of helping those who have helped us.
Social Responsibility Norm: Expectation of helping those in need.
Conflict: Incompatible goals.
Social Trap: Individual self-interest leading to collective harm.
Mirror-Image Perceptions: Seeing ourselves as good and others as bad.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Expectations influencing outcomes.
Superordinate Goals: Shared goals uniting people.
Frustration-Aggression Principle: Frustration leading to aggression.
Social Script: Learned behaviors in specific situations.

Specific Concepts:

Leon Festinger: Cognitive dissonance and social comparison
Solomon Asch: Conformity
Stanley Milgram: Obedience
John Darley / Bibb Latané: Bystander effect
Attribution Theory
Groupthink: Maintaining group consensus despite disagreement
Culture: Behaviors, ideas, traditions across generations
Bystander effect: Less likelihood of help with more onlookers
Social exchange: Cost-benefit relationship analysis in social interactions
Social responsibility norm: societal obligation to assist others in need

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Description

Test your knowledge on the concepts of person perception in psychology. This quiz covers attribution theory, biases in behavior explanation, and factors influencing attraction and attitudes. Dive deep into psychological principles and see how they apply to real-life situations.