Podcast
Questions and Answers
How much more did above average attractive lawyers earn compared to below average attractive lawyers five years after graduation?
How much more did above average attractive lawyers earn compared to below average attractive lawyers five years after graduation?
- 5-6%
- 10-11%
- 12-13%
- 8-9% (correct)
What was the difference in earnings between most attractive and least attractive MBA graduates?
What was the difference in earnings between most attractive and least attractive MBA graduates?
- $2,500
- $10,000
- $5,000 (correct)
- $7,500
Which of the following factors has been shown to NOT influence the effect of physical attractiveness on job-related outcomes?
Which of the following factors has been shown to NOT influence the effect of physical attractiveness on job-related outcomes?
- Physical fitness level (correct)
- Job relevant information
- Type of job
- Gender of the individual
What is the overall effect size range of physical attractiveness biasing job-related outcomes according to the meta-analytic review?
What is the overall effect size range of physical attractiveness biasing job-related outcomes according to the meta-analytic review?
How long after graduation was the earnings difference between attractive and unattractive lawyers reported to be 12-13%?
How long after graduation was the earnings difference between attractive and unattractive lawyers reported to be 12-13%?
What does the primacy effect in person perception primarily refer to?
What does the primacy effect in person perception primarily refer to?
Which of the following describes the implicit personality theory?
Which of the following describes the implicit personality theory?
What is meant by the 'similar-to-me effect' in performance appraisals?
What is meant by the 'similar-to-me effect' in performance appraisals?
Which bias might lead to a generalization about an individual based on their social category?
Which bias might lead to a generalization about an individual based on their social category?
How does reliance on central traits influence perception?
How does reliance on central traits influence perception?
What effect describes the tendency to rate all individuals toward the middle of a scale?
What effect describes the tendency to rate all individuals toward the middle of a scale?
Which of the following is an example of projection in person perception?
Which of the following is an example of projection in person perception?
Which bias can lead to a situation where an employee is evaluated harshly based on their physical appearance?
Which bias can lead to a situation where an employee is evaluated harshly based on their physical appearance?
What is a primary focus of affirmative action policies?
What is a primary focus of affirmative action policies?
What is the key difference between instrumental and non-instrumental participation according to Hideg, Michela, & Ferris (2011)?
What is the key difference between instrumental and non-instrumental participation according to Hideg, Michela, & Ferris (2011)?
Who are considered beneficiaries of affirmative action policies?
Who are considered beneficiaries of affirmative action policies?
What kind of bias awareness is suggested to potentially help improve attitudes towards policies?
What kind of bias awareness is suggested to potentially help improve attitudes towards policies?
What does the 'whitened experience' refer to in the context of diversity and minority status?
What does the 'whitened experience' refer to in the context of diversity and minority status?
What does the term 'weak preference' indicate about affirmative action policies?
What does the term 'weak preference' indicate about affirmative action policies?
According to the results of Hideg, Michela, & Ferris (2011), how did men's and women's attitudes differ towards instrumental and non-instrumental participation?
According to the results of Hideg, Michela, & Ferris (2011), how did men's and women's attitudes differ towards instrumental and non-instrumental participation?
What does the 'Awareness-Does it actually help?' inquiry suggest about bias awareness?
What does the 'Awareness-Does it actually help?' inquiry suggest about bias awareness?
What does the correlation data suggest regarding women's earnings compared to men's?
What does the correlation data suggest regarding women's earnings compared to men's?
In terms of hierarchical levels, how does the ratio of men promoted to women promoted change?
In terms of hierarchical levels, how does the ratio of men promoted to women promoted change?
What is the significance of the Goldberg Paradigm in understanding gender discrimination?
What is the significance of the Goldberg Paradigm in understanding gender discrimination?
Which factor is NOT included in the equation for understanding the wage gap?
Which factor is NOT included in the equation for understanding the wage gap?
What percentage of men are promoted compared to women in executive positions?
What percentage of men are promoted compared to women in executive positions?
Which of the following statements about full-time workers' earnings is accurate?
Which of the following statements about full-time workers' earnings is accurate?
How do correlation studies aid in understanding wage disparities?
How do correlation studies aid in understanding wage disparities?
What does the data regarding workers suggest about gender representation at lower levels?
What does the data regarding workers suggest about gender representation at lower levels?
What is the main distinction between descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes?
What is the main distinction between descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes?
According to the Lack of Fit Model, expectations regarding gender stereotypes influence what aspect?
According to the Lack of Fit Model, expectations regarding gender stereotypes influence what aspect?
What finding was shown regarding automatic gender stereotypes for the trait 'sensitive'?
What finding was shown regarding automatic gender stereotypes for the trait 'sensitive'?
In the context of promotions, how does having children impact male and female candidates differently?
In the context of promotions, how does having children impact male and female candidates differently?
What does the research by Heilman et al. (2004) suggest about gender roles in job contexts?
What does the research by Heilman et al. (2004) suggest about gender roles in job contexts?
What is the primary implication of the Lack of Fit Model for females in masculine roles?
What is the primary implication of the Lack of Fit Model for females in masculine roles?
Which of the following best illustrates a communal stereotype?
Which of the following best illustrates a communal stereotype?
In the context of gender stereotypes, which statement accurately describes the term 'agentic'?
In the context of gender stereotypes, which statement accurately describes the term 'agentic'?
What conclusion can be drawn about the perceptions of males and females in gender-typical jobs?
What conclusion can be drawn about the perceptions of males and females in gender-typical jobs?
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Study Notes
Basic Biases in Person Perception
- Impressions of others are affected by perceptual biases
- Primacy effect: Over-reliance on early cues (first impressions)
- Recency effect: Over-reliance on recent cues (last impressions)
- Reliance on central traits: Organization and focus on specific important characteristics of others
Implicit Personality Theories
- Beliefs about consistency and stability of traits
- Consistency: Perceived association of traits with one another
- Example: Hardworking people are also honest
Projection
- Attributing own thoughts and feelings to others
- Assuming others are similar to self
Perceptual Biases in Performance Appraisals
- Rater errors in performance assessments
- Common errors: Leniency, harshness, central tendency, halo effect, similar-to-me effect
Stereotyping
- Generalizations about people based on social categories
- Ignores individual variation within social categories
Physical Characteristics
- Physical attractiveness can influence salary
- Research shows correlation between attractiveness and higher starting salaries
Stereotypes: Gender
- Opportunities = Qualifications (ideal scenario)
- Opportunities < Qualifications (discrimination)
Gender Discrimination: Promotions
- Promotions predominantly favor men across hierarchical levels, with a lower percentage of women in higher positions
Gender Stereotypes
- Agentic traits: characteristics associated with masculinity
- Communal traits: characteristics associated with femininity
Automatic Gender Stereotypes
- Response times to congruent (stereotype-consistent) pairings are quicker than for incongruent pairings
Lack of Fit Model
- When an individual's gender stereotype does not align with the stereotype for a job, it can create a lack of fit, potentially affecting negative perceptions of the individual's competence
Violating Gender Stereotypes: Daring to succeed in a Male World
- Women in masculine jobs may be perceived negatively
Engaging in Gender Stereotypic Behavior: Do women benefit from helping at work?
- Women who engage in stereotypically feminine, "helping" behaviors may face a disadvantage in male-dominated fields
Affirmative Action/Employment Equity
- Policies to address historical disparities and create job opportunities for disadvantaged groups
- Strong preference policies prioritize disadvantaged groups with less regard for qualifications
- Weak preference policies use group status to choose between equally qualified candidates
- Nonbeneficiaries: those who do not benefit from affirmative action policies
Awareness of Bias
- Raising awareness of biases can be effective in mitigating bias, but further research is needed.
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