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Becky's behavior reflects ________, whereas Lauren's behavior reflects ________.
Becky's behavior reflects ________, whereas Lauren's behavior reflects ________.
In observational learning, the most effective models are those:
In observational learning, the most effective models are those:
A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. Whose findings are mirrored by her behavior?
A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. Whose findings are mirrored by her behavior?
You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. What did you find after the study?
You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. What did you find after the study?
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How would you expect the contradiction in Nicole's parents' behavior to impact her behavior?
How would you expect the contradiction in Nicole's parents' behavior to impact her behavior?
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To make sure your students imitate a guest's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who:
To make sure your students imitate a guest's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who:
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Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. What would you recommend to her?
Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. What would you recommend to her?
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You tell Jackie about television violence. What should she not worry about?
You tell Jackie about television violence. What should she not worry about?
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In the United States and Canada, ____________ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.
In the United States and Canada, ____________ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.
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Johnny is 'hammering' the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:
Johnny is 'hammering' the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:
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If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathic response to this observation?
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathic response to this observation?
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To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which of the following research studies would you conduct?
To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which of the following research studies would you conduct?
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By age ___ months, infants will imitate acts modeled on television.
By age ___ months, infants will imitate acts modeled on television.
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When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has learned via:
When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has learned via:
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Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits:
Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits:
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The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called:
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called:
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Learning that certain events occur together is called:
Learning that certain events occur together is called:
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By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:
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Whenever Aiden opens his refrigerator to get something to eat, he also gives his dog some food. Now, when Aiden opens the refrigerator door, his dog begins to drool. This best illustrates:
Whenever Aiden opens his refrigerator to get something to eat, he also gives his dog some food. Now, when Aiden opens the refrigerator door, his dog begins to drool. This best illustrates:
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The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:
The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:
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After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:
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The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or by means of language is called:
The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or by means of language is called:
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Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:
Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:
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_____ is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
_____ is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
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In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?
In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?
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Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage by an attacker wearing strong cologne. She now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any kind of parking garage. This classically conditioned response best illustrates:
Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage by an attacker wearing strong cologne. She now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any kind of parking garage. This classically conditioned response best illustrates:
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When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is:
When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is:
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When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is:
When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is:
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The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective.
The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective.
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Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):
Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):
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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):
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Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?
Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?
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John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:
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One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:
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The early 'school' or approach to psychology called behaviorism emphasized which of the following ideas?
The early 'school' or approach to psychology called behaviorism emphasized which of the following ideas?
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Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.
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Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish, respectively, because of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish, respectively, because of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
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Shaping was a method used by Skinner to:
Shaping was a method used by Skinner to:
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Michael is busy with project work that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes, but his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. Michael's son's whining best illustrates:
Michael is busy with project work that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes, but his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. Michael's son's whining best illustrates:
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If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find that attention enjoyable. This best illustrates:
If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find that attention enjoyable. This best illustrates:
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Rhonda has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, so she frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ______________ schedule.
Rhonda has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, so she frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ______________ schedule.
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_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is which of the following psychologist's principle?
The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is which of the following psychologist's principle?
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According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
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You received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail, complete with a rewards program. After you read on further, however, you find that the one dollar spent for every mile may not be such a great offer after all, since getting a $500 airline ticket only happens after you acquire 25,000 miles or spend $25,000. This is a ________ schedule.
You received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail, complete with a rewards program. After you read on further, however, you find that the one dollar spent for every mile may not be such a great offer after all, since getting a $500 airline ticket only happens after you acquire 25,000 miles or spend $25,000. This is a ________ schedule.
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Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _________________ in operant behavior.
Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _________________ in operant behavior.
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Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:
Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:
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_______________________ involves an aversive stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
_______________________ involves an aversive stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
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The law of effect laid the foundation for:
The law of effect laid the foundation for:
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With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________.
With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________.
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Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is TRUE?
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Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?
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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of:
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of:
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A learned association between a behavior and its consequences is central to:
A learned association between a behavior and its consequences is central to:
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Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called:
Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called:
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Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:
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Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principles of classical conditioning?
Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principles of classical conditioning?
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Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?
Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?
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The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:
The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:
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In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when the women's photos were framed in:
In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when the women's photos were framed in:
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Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of:
Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of:
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Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that:
Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that:
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In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?
In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?
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The influence that cognition has on classical conditioning:
The influence that cognition has on classical conditioning:
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Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?
Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?
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Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response depends primarily on the ________ of the CS-US association.
Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response depends primarily on the ________ of the CS-US association.
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Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior.
Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior.
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Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations are called:
Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations are called:
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The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of:
The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of:
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Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine:
Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine:
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Study Notes
Learning and Conditioning Concepts
- Learning is the acquisition of new and enduring information or behaviors, primarily through experience.
- Associative learning occurs when certain events are associated with one another, enabling prediction of outcomes.
- Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
Key Examples of Conditioning
- Direct experience, like a thunderstorm, illustrates classical conditioning as a flash of lightning becomes associated with the sound of thunder.
- In operant conditioning, behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them, like a dog drooling when the refrigerator is opened because it anticipates food.
Types of Responses
- Unconditioned responses are automatic reactions to stimuli, such as salivation from food.
- Conditioned responses develop after conditioning, as in the case of nauseous feelings associated with waiting rooms due to past chemotherapy.
Conditioning Principles
- The law of effect posits that behaviors followed by rewards are likely to recur.
- Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior through rewards, while negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by removing aversive stimuli.
- Shaping involves guiding behavior toward a desired goal using successive approximations.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Variable-ratio schedules provide reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, making behaviors persist (e.g., gambling).
- Fixed-interval schedules deliver reinforcement after a specific time has passed, leading to increased response rates as the interval approaches.
Cognitive Influences on Learning
- Cognitive processes play a role in learning, as individuals form expectations about the consequences of their actions.
- Cognitive maps are internal representations of environments, helping organisms navigate and make decisions based on learned experiences.
Observational Learning
- Observational learning occurs by watching and imitating others, as illustrated by children mimicking adults in their behavior.
- Effective models possess consistency in their actions and are generally respected by observers.
Conditioning Challenges
- The findings on taste aversion demonstrate that organisms may develop strong associations between certain stimuli and feelings of nausea, challenging classical conditioning principles.
- Skinner's behaviorism focuses on observable behavior, setting aside mental processes which some psychologists argue are crucial for understanding behaviors.
Motivation Types
- Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in activities for their own sake, while extrinsic motivation involves engaging for rewards or external validation.
- Overemphasis on external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation, as seen in children who lose interest in activities when rewards are promised.
Implications of Conditioning Research
- Insights from various psychologists have shaped our understanding of learning, such as Bandura's work on observational learning and Rescorla’s cognitive approach to classical conditioning.
- Psychologists like Garcia challenged conditioning assumptions, highlighting biological predispositions and explaining phenomena like instinctive drift.
Final Thoughts
- The interaction between behavior, environment, and cognitive processes illustrates that learning is a multi-faceted experience shaped by various factors.
- Recognizing the distinct forms of learning and motivation enhances educational strategies and personal development approaches.### Observational Learning and Politeness
- A person can act in varying ways while discussing the importance of politeness, impacting children's perceptions of behavior.
- Consistent prosocial behaviors are best modeled by individuals perceived as similar and kind by children.
Promoting Musical Enjoyment
- To foster enjoyment in music, various approaches should be utilized, including attending concerts, music camps, and parental involvement in music.
Effects of Television Violence
- Concerns arise regarding children's exposure to violent television and its connection to aggressive behavior.
- Correlational studies suggest a link between violent media exposure and real-life aggression, increasing with viewing time.
Increase in Homicide Rates
- In the US and Canada, homicide rates saw significant growth from 1957 to 1974, aligning with the rise of television.
Modeling Behavior
- Children exhibit learning through observation, such as imitating a parent while using a toy hammer.
Mirror Neurons and Empathy
- Observing a sibling's punishment can activate mirror neurons, facilitating empathetic responses in children.
Causation Studies in Aggression
- To investigate if media violence causes aggression, experimental studies involving random assignment to different video game types are necessary.
Imitation in Infants
- Infants typically begin to imitate behaviors seen on television around 14 months of age.
Learning through Observation
- Children can learn complex behaviors, like playing an electric guitar, by mimicking actions observed in others.
Attractive Models and Aggressive Behavior
- TV violence portrayed by attractive individuals is especially influential, with justified violence causing less immediate observable pain leading to more aggressive behavior in viewers.
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Description
This quiz explores concepts of motivation and learning, distinguishing between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. It also delves into the importance of observational learning and effective models in the learning process. Test your knowledge on these key psychological concepts.
