Psychology Chapter on Motivation and Learning

Becky's behavior reflects ________, whereas Lauren's behavior reflects ________.

In observational learning, the most effective models are those:

A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. Whose findings are mirrored by her behavior?

You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. What did you find after the study?

How would you expect the contradiction in Nicole's parents' behavior to impact her behavior?

To make sure your students imitate a guest's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who:

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. What would you recommend to her?

You tell Jackie about television violence. What should she not worry about?

In the United States and Canada, ____________ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.

Johnny is 'hammering' the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathic response to this observation?

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which of the following research studies would you conduct?

By age ___ months, infants will imitate acts modeled on television.

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has learned via:

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits:

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called:

Learning that certain events occur together is called:

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:

Whenever Aiden opens his refrigerator to get something to eat, he also gives his dog some food. Now, when Aiden opens the refrigerator door, his dog begins to drool. This best illustrates:

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or by means of language is called:

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:

_____ is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage by an attacker wearing strong cologne. She now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any kind of parking garage. This classically conditioned response best illustrates:

When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is:

When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is:

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective.

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

The early 'school' or approach to psychology called behaviorism emphasized which of the following ideas?

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.

Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish, respectively, because of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement.

Shaping was a method used by Skinner to:

Michael is busy with project work that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes, but his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. Michael's son's whining best illustrates:

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find that attention enjoyable. This best illustrates:

Rhonda has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, so she frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ______________ schedule.

_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is which of the following psychologist's principle?

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?

You received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail, complete with a rewards program. After you read on further, however, you find that the one dollar spent for every mile may not be such a great offer after all, since getting a $500 airline ticket only happens after you acquire 25,000 miles or spend $25,000. This is a ________ schedule.

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _________________ in operant behavior.

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

_______________________ involves an aversive stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

The law of effect laid the foundation for:

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________.

Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is TRUE?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of:

A learned association between a behavior and its consequences is central to:

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called:

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:

In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when the women's photos were framed in:

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of:

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that:

In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?

The influence that cognition has on classical conditioning:

Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?

Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response depends primarily on the ________ of the CS-US association.

Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior.

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations are called:

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of:

Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine: