Psychology Chapter on Motivation and Learning

Questions and Answers

Becky's behavior reflects , whereas Lauren's behavior reflects .

Spontaneous recovery; acquisition

Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation (correct)

A variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule

Operant conditioning; classical conditioning

In observational learning, the most effective models are those:

Who use consistent actions and words (correct)

Who are respected only a little by the general population

Who use inconsistent actions and words

Who are perceived as different from the observer

A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. Whose findings are mirrored by her behavior?

John B. Watson

Albert Bandura (correct)

B.F. Skinner

Edward Thorndike

You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. What did you find after the study?

The men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims Signup and view all the answers

How would you expect the contradiction in Nicole's parents' behavior to impact her behavior?

She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite Signup and view all the answers

To make sure your students imitate a guest's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who:

The children think is similar to them Signup and view all the answers

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. What would you recommend to her?

Tina should do all of these to foster musical enjoyment in her children Signup and view all the answers

You tell Jackie about television violence. What should she not worry about?

She should not worry, children do not model television violence Signup and view all the answers

In the United States and Canada, ____________ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.

Graduation Signup and view all the answers

Johnny is 'hammering' the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:

Modeling Signup and view all the answers

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathic response to this observation?

Mirror neuron Signup and view all the answers

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which of the following research studies would you conduct?

Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors Signup and view all the answers

By age ___ months, infants will imitate acts modeled on television.

14 Signup and view all the answers

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has learned via:

Observation Signup and view all the answers

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits:

Justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm Signup and view all the answers

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called:

Learning Signup and view all the answers

Learning that certain events occur together is called:

Associative learning Signup and view all the answers

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Whenever Aiden opens his refrigerator to get something to eat, he also gives his dog some food. Now, when Aiden opens the refrigerator door, his dog begins to drool. This best illustrates:

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:

Associative learning Signup and view all the answers

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or by means of language is called:

Cognitive learning Signup and view all the answers

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

_____ is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

Operant behavior Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?

Unconditioned response (UR) Signup and view all the answers

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage by an attacker wearing strong cologne. She now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any kind of parking garage. This classically conditioned response best illustrates:

Generalization Signup and view all the answers

When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is:

The unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is:

The conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective.

Cognitive Signup and view all the answers

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):

Unconditioned response (UR) Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

Unconditioned stimulus (US) Signup and view all the answers

Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?

Repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune-response-enhancing drug Signup and view all the answers

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

Observable behavior Signup and view all the answers

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

The discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods Signup and view all the answers

The early 'school' or approach to psychology called behaviorism emphasized which of the following ideas?

The scientific study of observable behaviors rather than mental processes Signup and view all the answers

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.

Variable-ratio Signup and view all the answers

Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish, respectively, because of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable-ratio Signup and view all the answers

Shaping was a method used by Skinner to:

Guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations Signup and view all the answers

Michael is busy with project work that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes, but his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. Michael's son's whining best illustrates:

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find that attention enjoyable. This best illustrates:

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Rhonda has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, so she frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ______________ schedule.

Variable-interval Signup and view all the answers

_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is which of the following psychologist's principle?

Edward Thorndike Signup and view all the answers

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl. Signup and view all the answers

You received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail, complete with a rewards program. After you read on further, however, you find that the one dollar spent for every mile may not be such a great offer after all, since getting a $500 airline ticket only happens after you acquire 25,000 miles or spend $25,000. This is a ________ schedule.

Fixed-ratio Signup and view all the answers

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _________________ in operant behavior.

Cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

_______________________ involves an aversive stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

The law of effect laid the foundation for:

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced . With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced .

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is TRUE?

Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?

Respondent behavior Signup and view all the answers

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of:

Associative learning Signup and view all the answers

A learned association between a behavior and its consequences is central to:

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called:

Operant behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

Rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principles of classical conditioning?

John Garcia Signup and view all the answers

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?

Taste-aversion learning Signup and view all the answers

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:

Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children. Signup and view all the answers

In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when the women's photos were framed in:

Red Signup and view all the answers

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of:

Instinctive drift Signup and view all the answers

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that:

The US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur. Signup and view all the answers

In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?

The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats. Signup and view all the answers

The influence that cognition has on classical conditioning:

Depends on the information the conditioned stimulus (CS) provides about the unconditioned stimulus (US). Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?

Robert Rescorla Signup and view all the answers

Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response depends primarily on the ________ of the CS-US association.

Predictability Signup and view all the answers

Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior.

Cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations are called:

Cognitive maps Signup and view all the answers

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of:

Latent learning Signup and view all the answers

Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine:

Intrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning and Conditioning Concepts

Learning is the acquisition of new and enduring information or behaviors, primarily through experience.
Associative learning occurs when certain events are associated with one another, enabling prediction of outcomes.
Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Key Examples of Conditioning

Direct experience, like a thunderstorm, illustrates classical conditioning as a flash of lightning becomes associated with the sound of thunder.
In operant conditioning, behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them, like a dog drooling when the refrigerator is opened because it anticipates food.

Types of Responses

Unconditioned responses are automatic reactions to stimuli, such as salivation from food.
Conditioned responses develop after conditioning, as in the case of nauseous feelings associated with waiting rooms due to past chemotherapy.

Conditioning Principles

The law of effect posits that behaviors followed by rewards are likely to recur.
Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior through rewards, while negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by removing aversive stimuli.
Shaping involves guiding behavior toward a desired goal using successive approximations.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable-ratio schedules provide reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, making behaviors persist (e.g., gambling).
Fixed-interval schedules deliver reinforcement after a specific time has passed, leading to increased response rates as the interval approaches.

Cognitive Influences on Learning

Cognitive processes play a role in learning, as individuals form expectations about the consequences of their actions.
Cognitive maps are internal representations of environments, helping organisms navigate and make decisions based on learned experiences.

Observational Learning

Observational learning occurs by watching and imitating others, as illustrated by children mimicking adults in their behavior.
Effective models possess consistency in their actions and are generally respected by observers.

Conditioning Challenges

The findings on taste aversion demonstrate that organisms may develop strong associations between certain stimuli and feelings of nausea, challenging classical conditioning principles.
Skinner's behaviorism focuses on observable behavior, setting aside mental processes which some psychologists argue are crucial for understanding behaviors.

Motivation Types

Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in activities for their own sake, while extrinsic motivation involves engaging for rewards or external validation.
Overemphasis on external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation, as seen in children who lose interest in activities when rewards are promised.

Implications of Conditioning Research

Insights from various psychologists have shaped our understanding of learning, such as Bandura's work on observational learning and Rescorla’s cognitive approach to classical conditioning.
Psychologists like Garcia challenged conditioning assumptions, highlighting biological predispositions and explaining phenomena like instinctive drift.

Final Thoughts

The interaction between behavior, environment, and cognitive processes illustrates that learning is a multi-faceted experience shaped by various factors.
Recognizing the distinct forms of learning and motivation enhances educational strategies and personal development approaches.### Observational Learning and Politeness
A person can act in varying ways while discussing the importance of politeness, impacting children's perceptions of behavior.
Consistent prosocial behaviors are best modeled by individuals perceived as similar and kind by children.

Promoting Musical Enjoyment

To foster enjoyment in music, various approaches should be utilized, including attending concerts, music camps, and parental involvement in music.

Effects of Television Violence

Concerns arise regarding children's exposure to violent television and its connection to aggressive behavior.
Correlational studies suggest a link between violent media exposure and real-life aggression, increasing with viewing time.

Increase in Homicide Rates

In the US and Canada, homicide rates saw significant growth from 1957 to 1974, aligning with the rise of television.

Modeling Behavior

Children exhibit learning through observation, such as imitating a parent while using a toy hammer.

Mirror Neurons and Empathy

Observing a sibling's punishment can activate mirror neurons, facilitating empathetic responses in children.

Causation Studies in Aggression

To investigate if media violence causes aggression, experimental studies involving random assignment to different video game types are necessary.

Imitation in Infants

Infants typically begin to imitate behaviors seen on television around 14 months of age.

Learning through Observation

Children can learn complex behaviors, like playing an electric guitar, by mimicking actions observed in others.

Attractive Models and Aggressive Behavior

TV violence portrayed by attractive individuals is especially influential, with justified violence causing less immediate observable pain leading to more aggressive behavior in viewers.

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Description

This quiz explores concepts of motivation and learning, distinguishing between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. It also delves into the importance of observational learning and effective models in the learning process. Test your knowledge on these key psychological concepts.

Psychology Chapter on Motivation and Learning

Questions and Answers

Becky's behavior reflects ________, whereas Lauren's behavior reflects ________.

In observational learning, the most effective models are those:

A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. Whose findings are mirrored by her behavior?

You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. What did you find after the study?

How would you expect the contradiction in Nicole's parents' behavior to impact her behavior?

To make sure your students imitate a guest's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who:

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. What would you recommend to her?

You tell Jackie about television violence. What should she not worry about?

In the United States and Canada, ____________ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.

Johnny is 'hammering' the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathic response to this observation?

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which of the following research studies would you conduct?

By age ___ months, infants will imitate acts modeled on television.

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has learned via:

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits:

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called:

Learning that certain events occur together is called:

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:

Whenever Aiden opens his refrigerator to get something to eat, he also gives his dog some food. Now, when Aiden opens the refrigerator door, his dog begins to drool. This best illustrates:

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or by means of language is called:

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:

_____ is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?

When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is:

When Jane had leukemia as a child, she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is:

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective.

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

The early 'school' or approach to psychology called behaviorism emphasized which of the following ideas?

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.

Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish, respectively, because of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement.

Shaping was a method used by Skinner to:

Michael is busy with project work that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes, but his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. Michael's son's whining best illustrates:

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find that attention enjoyable. This best illustrates:

_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is which of the following psychologist's principle?

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _________________ in operant behavior.

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

_______________________ involves an aversive stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

The law of effect laid the foundation for:

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________.

Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is TRUE?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of:

A learned association between a behavior and its consequences is central to:

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called:

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:

In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when the women's photos were framed in:

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of:

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that:

The influence that cognition has on classical conditioning:

Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?

Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response depends primarily on the ________ of the CS-US association.

Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior.

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations are called:

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of:

Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine:

Study Notes

Learning and Conditioning Concepts

Key Examples of Conditioning

Types of Responses

Conditioning Principles

Schedules of Reinforcement

Cognitive Influences on Learning

Observational Learning

Conditioning Challenges

Motivation Types

Implications of Conditioning Research

Final Thoughts

Becky's behavior reflects , whereas Lauren's behavior reflects .

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced . With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced .