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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?
What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Metformin?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Metformin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?
What is the primary mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Which drug class reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidneys?
Which drug class reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidneys?
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Which of the following insulin types has no peak activity?
Which of the following insulin types has no peak activity?
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Which of the following is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Which of the following is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
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What is the primary marker used to assess renal function?
What is the primary marker used to assess renal function?
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Which hormone increases renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles?
Which hormone increases renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles?
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Which of the following drugs is known to be nephrotoxic?
Which of the following drugs is known to be nephrotoxic?
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Which condition is characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney function, usually within hours or days?
Which condition is characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney function, usually within hours or days?
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What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
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Which electrolyte imbalance is a common complication of CKD?
Which electrolyte imbalance is a common complication of CKD?
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Which therapy is typically initiated when CKD progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?
Which therapy is typically initiated when CKD progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?
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Which condition is an indication for immediate dialysis in CKD patients?
Which condition is an indication for immediate dialysis in CKD patients?
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Which test is most commonly used to estimate GFR in clinical practice?
Which test is most commonly used to estimate GFR in clinical practice?
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Which renal structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of renin?
Which renal structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of renin?
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Which of the following is a sign of nephrotic syndrome?
Which of the following is a sign of nephrotic syndrome?
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Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperparathyroidism in CKD?
Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperparathyroidism in CKD?
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Which of the following is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis?
Which of the following is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of hyperkalemia in patients with CKD?
Which of the following is a potential complication of hyperkalemia in patients with CKD?
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What is one key advantage of using ACE inhibitors in the management of CKD?
What is one key advantage of using ACE inhibitors in the management of CKD?
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Identify one disadvantage of using loop diuretics in CKD patients.
Identify one disadvantage of using loop diuretics in CKD patients.
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What is a major benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in managing Type 2 Diabetes and CKD?
What is a major benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in managing Type 2 Diabetes and CKD?
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List one con of using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD.
List one con of using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD.
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What test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control in patients with diabetes and CKD?
What test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control in patients with diabetes and CKD?
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Study Notes
Type 1 Diabetes
- Primary cause is pancreatic β-cell destruction.
Metformin
- Common adverse effect includes gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances.
SGLT2 Inhibitors
- Primary mechanism is inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.
- Also includes a drug class specifically known for reducing glucose reabsorption.
Insulin
- Long-acting insulin has no peak activity.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- A notable sign is sweet-smelling breath.
Renal Function
- Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the primary marker to assess renal function.
Renal Blood Flow
- Prostaglandins increase renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles.
Nephrotoxic Drugs
- NSAIDs are known to be nephrotoxic.
Kidney Function
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney function, typically within hours or days.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- Most common cause is Diabetes Mellitus.
- Common complication includes hyperkalemia.
End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD)
- Renal Replacement Therapy is initiated when CKD progresses to ESKD.
Immediate Dialysis Indications in CKD
- Severe hyperkalemia is an indication for immediate dialysis.
GFR Estimation
- Serum Creatinine is the most commonly used test to estimate GFR.
Renin Secretion
- Juxtaglomerular cells are primarily responsible for secreting renin.
Nephrotic Syndrome
- A sign of nephrotic syndrome is hypoalbuminemia.
Hyperparathyroidism Management in CKD
- Phosphate binders are used to manage hyperparathyroidism.
Peritoneal Dialysis Complications
- Peritonitis is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis.
Hyperkalemia Complications
- Potential complications include arrhythmias.
ACE Inhibitors in CKD Management
- They reduce proteinuria and slow CKD progression by lowering glomerular pressure.
Loop Diuretics in CKD
- A significant disadvantage is the risk of hypokalemia.
SGLT2 Inhibitors Benefits
- They lower blood glucose, blood pressure, and promote natriuresis, reducing CKD progression.
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
- Increased risk of cardiovascular events is a con of using ESAs.
Long-term Glucose Control Monitoring
- The Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) test is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetes and CKD.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the pharmacology of diabetes medications with this quiz. It covers key concepts such as Type 1 Diabetes causes, common medication side effects, and mechanisms of action of diabetes drugs. Ideal for students studying pharmacology or healthcare professionals.
