Mix1

Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?

Pancreatic β-cell destruction (correct)

Excessive insulin production

None of the above

Insulin resistance

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Metformin?

Increased appetite

Weight gain

Hypoglycemia

GI disturbances (correct)

What is the primary mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?

Inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys (correct)

Increasing insulin secretion

Enhancing glucose uptake in muscles

Reducing hepatic glucose production

Which drug class reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidneys?

SGLT2 inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following insulin types has no peak activity?

Long-acting insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Sweet-smelling breath Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary marker used to assess renal function?

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is known to be nephrotoxic?

NSAIDs Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney function, usually within hours or days?

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance is a common complication of CKD?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is typically initiated when CKD progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?

Renal Replacement Therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an indication for immediate dialysis in CKD patients?

Severe hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which test is most commonly used to estimate GFR in clinical practice?

Serum Creatinine Signup and view all the answers

Which renal structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of renin?

Juxtaglomerular cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of nephrotic syndrome?

Hypoalbuminemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperparathyroidism in CKD?

Phosphate binders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis?

Peritonitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of hyperkalemia in patients with CKD?

Arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

What is one key advantage of using ACE inhibitors in the management of CKD?

ACE inhibitors reduce proteinuria and slow the progression of CKD by lowering glomerular pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Identify one disadvantage of using loop diuretics in CKD patients.

A significant disadvantage of loop diuretics is the risk of hypokalemia, which can lead to arrhythmias and other complications. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in managing Type 2 Diabetes and CKD?

SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the progression of CKD by lowering blood glucose and blood pressure and promoting natriuresis. Signup and view all the answers

List one con of using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD.

A con of using ESAs is the increased risk of cardiovascular events such as stroke and hypertension due to elevated hemoglobin levels. Signup and view all the answers

What test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control in patients with diabetes and CKD?

The Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Type 1 Diabetes

Primary cause is pancreatic β-cell destruction.

Metformin

Common adverse effect includes gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances.

SGLT2 Inhibitors

Primary mechanism is inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.
Also includes a drug class specifically known for reducing glucose reabsorption.

Insulin

Long-acting insulin has no peak activity.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A notable sign is sweet-smelling breath.

Renal Function

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the primary marker to assess renal function.

Renal Blood Flow

Prostaglandins increase renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles.

Nephrotoxic Drugs

NSAIDs are known to be nephrotoxic.

Kidney Function

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney function, typically within hours or days.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Most common cause is Diabetes Mellitus.
Common complication includes hyperkalemia.

End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD)

Renal Replacement Therapy is initiated when CKD progresses to ESKD.

Immediate Dialysis Indications in CKD

Severe hyperkalemia is an indication for immediate dialysis.

GFR Estimation

Serum Creatinine is the most commonly used test to estimate GFR.

Renin Secretion

Juxtaglomerular cells are primarily responsible for secreting renin.

Nephrotic Syndrome

A sign of nephrotic syndrome is hypoalbuminemia.

Hyperparathyroidism Management in CKD

Phosphate binders are used to manage hyperparathyroidism.

Peritoneal Dialysis Complications

Peritonitis is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis.

Hyperkalemia Complications

Potential complications include arrhythmias.

ACE Inhibitors in CKD Management

They reduce proteinuria and slow CKD progression by lowering glomerular pressure.

Loop Diuretics in CKD

A significant disadvantage is the risk of hypokalemia.

SGLT2 Inhibitors Benefits

They lower blood glucose, blood pressure, and promote natriuresis, reducing CKD progression.

Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs)

Increased risk of cardiovascular events is a con of using ESAs.

Long-term Glucose Control Monitoring

The Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) test is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetes and CKD.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the pharmacology of diabetes medications with this quiz. It covers key concepts such as Type 1 Diabetes causes, common medication side effects, and mechanisms of action of diabetes drugs. Ideal for students studying pharmacology or healthcare professionals.