Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Metformin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Which drug class reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidneys?
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Which of the following insulin types has no peak activity?
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Which of the following is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
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What is the primary marker used to assess renal function?
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Which hormone increases renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles?
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Which of the following drugs is known to be nephrotoxic?
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Which condition is characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney function, usually within hours or days?
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What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
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Which electrolyte imbalance is a common complication of CKD?
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Which therapy is typically initiated when CKD progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?
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Which condition is an indication for immediate dialysis in CKD patients?
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Which test is most commonly used to estimate GFR in clinical practice?
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Which renal structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of renin?
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Which of the following is a sign of nephrotic syndrome?
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Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperparathyroidism in CKD?
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Which of the following is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of hyperkalemia in patients with CKD?
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What is one key advantage of using ACE inhibitors in the management of CKD?
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Identify one disadvantage of using loop diuretics in CKD patients.
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What is a major benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in managing Type 2 Diabetes and CKD?
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List one con of using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD.
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What test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control in patients with diabetes and CKD?
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Study Notes
Type 1 Diabetes
- Primary cause is pancreatic β-cell destruction.
Metformin
- Common adverse effect includes gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances.
SGLT2 Inhibitors
- Primary mechanism is inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.
- Also includes a drug class specifically known for reducing glucose reabsorption.
Insulin
- Long-acting insulin has no peak activity.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- A notable sign is sweet-smelling breath.
Renal Function
- Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the primary marker to assess renal function.
Renal Blood Flow
- Prostaglandins increase renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles.
Nephrotoxic Drugs
- NSAIDs are known to be nephrotoxic.
Kidney Function
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney function, typically within hours or days.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- Most common cause is Diabetes Mellitus.
- Common complication includes hyperkalemia.
End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD)
- Renal Replacement Therapy is initiated when CKD progresses to ESKD.
Immediate Dialysis Indications in CKD
- Severe hyperkalemia is an indication for immediate dialysis.
GFR Estimation
- Serum Creatinine is the most commonly used test to estimate GFR.
Renin Secretion
- Juxtaglomerular cells are primarily responsible for secreting renin.
Nephrotic Syndrome
- A sign of nephrotic syndrome is hypoalbuminemia.
Hyperparathyroidism Management in CKD
- Phosphate binders are used to manage hyperparathyroidism.
Peritoneal Dialysis Complications
- Peritonitis is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis.
Hyperkalemia Complications
- Potential complications include arrhythmias.
ACE Inhibitors in CKD Management
- They reduce proteinuria and slow CKD progression by lowering glomerular pressure.
Loop Diuretics in CKD
- A significant disadvantage is the risk of hypokalemia.
SGLT2 Inhibitors Benefits
- They lower blood glucose, blood pressure, and promote natriuresis, reducing CKD progression.
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
- Increased risk of cardiovascular events is a con of using ESAs.
Long-term Glucose Control Monitoring
- The Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) test is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetes and CKD.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the pharmacology of diabetes medications with this quiz. It covers key concepts such as Type 1 Diabetes causes, common medication side effects, and mechanisms of action of diabetes drugs. Ideal for students studying pharmacology or healthcare professionals.