mix.docx

1\. \*\*What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) Insulin resistance \- B) Pancreatic β-cell destruction \- C) Excessive insulin production \- D) None of the above \*\*Answer:\*\* B) Pancreatic β-cell destruction 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Metfor...

1\. \*\*What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) Insulin resistance \- B) Pancreatic β-cell destruction \- C) Excessive insulin production \- D) None of the above \*\*Answer:\*\* B) Pancreatic β-cell destruction 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Metformin?\*\* \- A) Hypoglycemia \- B) Weight gain \- C) GI disturbances \- D) Increased appetite \*\*Answer:\*\* C) GI disturbances 3\. \*\*What is the primary mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?\*\* \- A) Increasing insulin secretion \- B) Inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys \- C) Enhancing glucose uptake in muscles \- D) Reducing hepatic glucose production \*\*Answer:\*\* B) Inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys 4\. \*\*Which drug class reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Biguanides \- B) Sulfonylureas \- C) SGLT2 inhibitors \- D) Thiazolidinediones \*\*Answer:\*\* C) SGLT2 inhibitors 5\. \*\*Which of the following insulin types has no peak activity?\*\* \- A) Rapid-acting insulin \- B) Short-acting insulin \- C) Intermediate-acting insulin \- D) Long-acting insulin \*\*Answer:\*\* D) Long-acting insulin 6\. \*\*Which of the following is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?\*\* \- A) Bradycardia \- B) Sweet-smelling breath \- C) Weight gain \- D) Hypoglycemia \*\*Answer:\*\* B) Sweet-smelling breath 7\. \*\*What is the primary marker used to assess renal function?\*\* \- A) Serum Sodium \- B) Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) \- C) Blood Pressure \- D) Urine Specific Gravity \*\*Answer:\*\* B) Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) 8\. \*\*Which hormone increases renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles?\*\* \- A) Aldosterone \- B) Renin \- C) Prostaglandins \- D) Angiotensin II \*\*Answer:\*\* C) Prostaglandins 9\. \*\*Which of the following drugs is known to be nephrotoxic?\*\* \- A) Metformin \- B) NSAIDs \- C) Aspirin \- D) Paracetamol \*\*Answer:\*\* B) NSAIDs 10\. \*\*Which condition is characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney function, usually within hours or days?\*\* \- A) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) \- B) Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) \- C) Nephrotic Syndrome \- D) Renal Tubular Acidosis \*\*Answer:\*\* B) Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) 11\. \*\*What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Acute Kidney Injury \- C) Diabetes Mellitus \- D) Urinary Tract Infections \*\*Answer:\*\* C) Diabetes Mellitus 12\. \*\*Which electrolyte imbalance is a common complication of CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypocalcemia \- B) Hypermagnesemia \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hyponatremia \*\*Answer:\*\* C) Hyperkalemia 13\. \*\*Which therapy is typically initiated when CKD progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?\*\* \- A) Insulin Therapy \- B) Renal Replacement Therapy \- C) Statin Therapy \- D) Anticoagulation \*\*Answer:\*\* B) Renal Replacement Therapy 14\. \*\*Which condition is an indication for immediate dialysis in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Severe hyperkalemia \- B) Mild proteinuria \- C) High blood pressure \- D) Moderate anemia \*\*Answer:\*\* A) Severe hyperkalemia 15\. \*\*Which test is most commonly used to estimate GFR in clinical practice?\*\* \- A) Serum Creatinine \- B) Urine Albumin \- C) BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) \- D) Cystatin C \*\*Answer:\*\* A) Serum Creatinine 16\. \*\*Which renal structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of renin?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Macula densa \- C) Juxtaglomerular cells \- D) Proximal tubule \*\*Answer:\*\* C) Juxtaglomerular cells 17\. \*\*Which of the following is a sign of nephrotic syndrome?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Hypoalbuminemia \- C) Hypernatremia \- D) Hyperkalemia \*\*Answer:\*\* B) Hypoalbuminemia 18\. \*\*Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperparathyroidism in CKD?\*\* \- A) Statins \- B) Calcium supplements \- C) Phosphate binders \- D) ACE inhibitors \*\*Answer:\*\* C) Phosphate binders 19\. \*\*Which of the following is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hyponatremia \- C) Peritonitis \- D) Hypertension \*\*Answer:\*\* C) Peritonitis 20\. \*\*Which of the following is a potential complication of hyperkalemia in patients with CKD?\*\* \- A) Arrhythmias \- B) Hypotension \- C) Bradycardia \- D) Hyperglycemia \*\*Answer:\*\* A) Arrhythmias \-\-- \#\#\# Short Answer Questions: 1\. \*\*What is one key advantage of using ACE inhibitors in the management of CKD?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* ACE inhibitors reduce proteinuria and slow the progression of CKD by lowering glomerular pressure. 2\. \*\*Identify one disadvantage of using loop diuretics in CKD patients.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* A significant disadvantage of loop diuretics is the risk of hypokalemia, which can lead to arrhythmias and other complications. 3\. \*\*What is a major benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in managing Type 2 Diabetes and CKD?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the progression of CKD by lowering blood glucose and blood pressure and promoting natriuresis. 4\. \*\*List one con of using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* A con of using ESAs is the increased risk of cardiovascular events such as stroke and hypertension due to elevated hemoglobin levels. 5\. \*\*What test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control in patients with diabetes and CKD?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* The Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control.