Diabetes Management: Insulin and Medication Use
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Questions and Answers

A patient with type II diabetes is experiencing morning hypoglycemia. What would be the most likely response to this problem?

  • Increase in insulin intake
  • Decrease in insulin intake (correct)
  • No change in insulin intake
  • Skipping a meal

    • Which of the following medications is most likely to cause excessive hypoglycemia in a patient with type II diabetes?

  • SGLT2 inhibitor
  • Thiazolidinediones
  • Metformin
  • Sulfonylureas (correct)

    • What is the mechanism by which metformin reduces blood sugar levels?

  • By increasing insulin secretion
  • By decreasing hepatic output (correct)
  • By increasing hepatic output
  • By stimulating the release of glucagon

    • A patient with type II diabetes is scheduled to undergo a tooth extraction that will reduce food intake. What adjustment should be made to their medication regimen on the day of the procedure?

    <p>Reduce glipizide and keep metformin the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of glargine insulin?

    <p>Does not require adjustment for missed or reduced meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is most likely to cause hypoglycemia in an individual who skips a meal?

    <p>Glargine and glipizide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which metformin reduces blood sugar levels?

    <p>Decreasing hepatic glucose output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using human regular insulin over insulin analogs?

    <p>Faster onset of action and shorter duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using glipizide in the treatment of type II diabetes?

    <p>Promoting the release of endogenous insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of insulin therapy?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications reduces plasma glucose levels by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose by the kidney?

    <p>SGLT2 inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone?

    <p>Increasing the sensitivity of target organs to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is taken during the first part of a meal to delay the absorption of dietary carbohydrates?

    <p>a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following insulin preparations provides a faster response and shorter duration of action?

    <p>Human Regular Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is most likely to cause excessive hypoglycemia due to increased insulin secretion?

    <p>Sulfonylurea, such as glipizide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of infective endocarditis from the oral cavity?

    <p>Viridans streptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk associated with beta-lactam prophylaxis prior to dental procedures?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of penicillin-induced allergies?

    <p>Most often manifested by rashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended antibiotic for oral prophylaxis in a patient with a history of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was clindamycin replaced with doxycycline as recommended IE prophylaxis in patients with Type 1 penicillin allergy?

    <p>Concern over risk of Clostridioides difficile superinfection colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for symptomatic endocarditis due to moderately penicillin-resistant streptococci?

    <p>Penicillin G with gentamicin or vancomycin iv</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiac condition requires prophylactic antibiotics before a dental procedure according to the 2007/8 AHA/ACC guidelines?

    <p>Congenital heart defect repaired with prosthetic material with residual defect at site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in reducing inflammation?

    <p>Decrease arachidonic acid release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended medication for a male patient with allergic rhinitis who wishes to minimize sedation?

    <p>Second-generation H1 receptor antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication causes the longest duration of increased gastric pH after a single conventional oral dose?

    <p>Proton pump inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laxative can produce the most rapid onset with the greatest increase in fecal water content?

    <p>Osmotic laxative (polyethylene glycol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is most suitable for rapid reversal of acute bronchospasm in a teenager with a history of asthma?

    <p>Inhaled albuterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a toxic effect of chronic exposure to nitrous oxide?

    <p>Peripheral neuropathy caused by vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate antidote for an overdose of a benzodiazepine?

    <p>Flumazenil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances induces CYP450 enzymes?

    <p>Rifampin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a toxic effect of chronic exposure to an organic mercurial such as ethylmercury and methylmercury?

    <p>Altered CNS development in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

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