Diabetes Management: Insulin and Medication Use

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A patient with type II diabetes is experiencing morning hypoglycemia. What would be the most likely response to this problem?

Increase in insulin intake

Decrease in insulin intake (correct)

No change in insulin intake

Skipping a meal

Which of the following medications is most likely to cause excessive hypoglycemia in a patient with type II diabetes?

SGLT2 inhibitor

Thiazolidinediones

Metformin

Sulfonylureas (correct)

What is the mechanism by which metformin reduces blood sugar levels?

By increasing insulin secretion

By decreasing hepatic output (correct)

By increasing hepatic output

By stimulating the release of glucagon

A patient with type II diabetes is scheduled to undergo a tooth extraction that will reduce food intake. What adjustment should be made to their medication regimen on the day of the procedure?

Reduce glipizide and keep metformin the same Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of glargine insulin?

Does not require adjustment for missed or reduced meals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is most likely to cause hypoglycemia in an individual who skips a meal?

Glargine and glipizide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which metformin reduces blood sugar levels?

Decreasing hepatic glucose output Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using human regular insulin over insulin analogs?

Faster onset of action and shorter duration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using glipizide in the treatment of type II diabetes?

Promoting the release of endogenous insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of insulin therapy?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications reduces plasma glucose levels by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose by the kidney?

SGLT2 inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone?

Increasing the sensitivity of target organs to insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is taken during the first part of a meal to delay the absorption of dietary carbohydrates?

a and b Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following insulin preparations provides a faster response and shorter duration of action?

Human Regular Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is most likely to cause excessive hypoglycemia due to increased insulin secretion?

Sulfonylurea, such as glipizide Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of infective endocarditis from the oral cavity?

Viridans streptococci Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk associated with beta-lactam prophylaxis prior to dental procedures?

Hypersensitivity reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of penicillin-induced allergies?

Most often manifested by rashes Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended antibiotic for oral prophylaxis in a patient with a history of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin?

Doxycycline Signup and view all the answers

Why was clindamycin replaced with doxycycline as recommended IE prophylaxis in patients with Type 1 penicillin allergy?

Concern over risk of Clostridioides difficile superinfection colitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for symptomatic endocarditis due to moderately penicillin-resistant streptococci?

Penicillin G with gentamicin or vancomycin iv Signup and view all the answers

Which cardiac condition requires prophylactic antibiotics before a dental procedure according to the 2007/8 AHA/ACC guidelines?

Congenital heart defect repaired with prosthetic material with residual defect at site Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in reducing inflammation?

Decrease arachidonic acid release Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended medication for a male patient with allergic rhinitis who wishes to minimize sedation?

Second-generation H1 receptor antagonist Signup and view all the answers

Which medication causes the longest duration of increased gastric pH after a single conventional oral dose?

Proton pump inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

Which laxative can produce the most rapid onset with the greatest increase in fecal water content?

Osmotic laxative (polyethylene glycol) Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is most suitable for rapid reversal of acute bronchospasm in a teenager with a history of asthma?

Inhaled albuterol Signup and view all the answers

What is a toxic effect of chronic exposure to nitrous oxide?

Peripheral neuropathy caused by vitamin B12 deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate antidote for an overdose of a benzodiazepine?

Flumazenil Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances induces CYP450 enzymes?

Rifampin Signup and view all the answers

What is a toxic effect of chronic exposure to an organic mercurial such as ethylmercury and methylmercury?

Altered CNS development in children Signup and view all the answers