Pharmacology of Diabetes and Related Medications
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Questions and Answers

What is the main indication for the use of desmopressin?

  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Thyroid storm
  • Nocturnal enuresis (correct)
  • Cushing disease

Which of the following is NOT a consideration when administering levothyroxine?

  • Teach signs of hyperthyroidism
  • Monitor TSH throughout therapy
  • Take in the evening to improve sleep (correct)
  • Do not switch brands without informing the doctor

What are the potential outcomes of using radioactive I-131?

  • Cure of Cushing disease
  • Improvement of hyperthyroidism symptoms
  • Increase in thyroid hormone production
  • Permanent reduction of thyroid function (correct)

What is a significant risk associated with the chemotherapy agent doxorubicin?

<p>Irreversible cardio toxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is essential to monitor during therapy with filgrastim?

<p>Fluid intake and blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serious condition is associated with Metformin use?

<p>Lactic Acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is recommended for treating pernicious anemia?

<p>Cyanocobalamin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of Semaglutide in managing diabetes?

<p>Does not cause hypoglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should Ferrous sulfate be taken to improve absorption?

<p>With orange juice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is indicated for the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

<p>Methimazole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with Vincristine?

<p>Nervous system toxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Glucagon?

<p>Increases blood sugar levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication can result in agranulocytosis?

<p>Methimazole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored throughout therapy for a patient taking levothyroxine?

<p>TSH levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important education point for patients taking corticosteroids long-term?

<p>Increase calcium intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of thyroid storms?

<p>Fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should the brand of levothyroxine not be switched without consulting a doctor?

<p>Different brands may vary in potency and absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key intervention when mixing insulin before administration?

<p>Inject air into the clear, then cloudy insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Dapagliflozin?

<p>Increases glucose secretion in the urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is most commonly associated with Metformin?

<p>Metallic taste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does PTU treatment primarily target?

<p>Graves disease or hyperthyroidism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is known for causing serious liver disease as a side effect?

<p>Methimazole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critical function of Vitamin D?

<p>Supports calcium utilization in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the onset time for Aspart insulin?

<p>10-20 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should Ferrous sulfate be taken to avoid interactions with other medications?

<p>1-2 hours before or after other medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Cosyntropin in clinical practice?

<p>To diagnose adrenocortical insufficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thyroid Hormone Therapy

Medication to treat thyroid issues. Monitor TSH levels, and do not switch brands without notifying a doctor.

Insulin Mixing Technique

Roll vial, disinfect, inject air into cloudy insulin (NPH or ASPART), inject air into clear insulin (regular), withdraw clear then withdraw cloudy.

Radioactive Iodine-131 (I-131)

Treatment for hyperthyroidism that destroys thyroid cells, reducing hormone production . It can lead to hypothyroidism.

Clinical Manifestations of Thyroid Storm

Symptoms include fever, rapid heart rate, agitation, and restlessness.

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Long-Term Steroid Therapy Education

Increase calcium intake, monitor for infections, carry ID, and do not stop abruptly.

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Metformin's Black Box Warning

Lactic acidosis is a serious side effect of this antidiabetic drug.

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Preferred Oral Tx for Type 2 Diabetes

Metformin is often the first choice for treating type 2 diabetes.

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Aspart Insulin's Onset

This rapid-acting insulin starts working in 10-20 minutes.

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Epoetin alfa's Role

Epoetin alfa stimulates red blood cell production (used for anemia).

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PTU's Use in Hyperthyroidism

This medication is used to treat hyperthyroidism (like Graves' disease).

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Negative Feedback's Role in Hormones

The body uses negative feedback to stop hormone production when levels are sufficient.

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Semaglutide's Action

This medication is a GLP-1 agonist that treats type 2 diabetes.

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Hydrocortisone's Long-Term Effect

Long-term use can lead to "moon face" as a side effect

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Thyroid Storm

A life-threatening condition characterized by extreme hyperthyroidism, featuring fever, rapid heart rate, anxiety, and restlessness.

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Desmopressin

Synthetic hormone that mimics antidiuretic hormone (ADH), used to treat bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis) and a condition where the body produces too much urine (diabetes insipidus).

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Radioactive I-131

A radioactive substance used to treat hyperthyroidism by destroying thyroid cells, leading to a permanent reduction in thyroid function.

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Filgrastim

A drug that stimulates the production of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell critical for fighting infections.

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Doxorubicin

A chemotherapy drug that can cause permanent damage to the heart.

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Metformin

A common oral medication used to manage type 2 diabetes. It helps lower blood sugar levels by improving the body's sensitivity to insulin.

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Lactic Acidosis

A dangerous condition where lactic acid builds up in the blood, leading to a dangerous drop in blood pH. This can be a serious side effect of metformin.

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Aspart

A rapid-acting insulin that starts working quickly, usually within 10-20 minutes after injection.

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Cyanocobalamin

A vitamin B12 supplement given by injection to treat pernicious anemia, a condition where the body can't absorb vitamin B12 properly.

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Semaglutide

A medication that helps the body control blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. It mimics a natural hormone that helps regulate blood sugar.

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Negative Feedback

A natural process where the body regulates hormone levels by reducing production when they are high enough.

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Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood sugar levels drop too low. It helps raise blood sugar by prompting the liver to release stored glucose.

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Ferrous Sulfate

An iron supplement used to treat anemia.

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Study Notes

Metformin

  • Black box warning: Lactic Acidosis
  • Preferred oral treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
  • Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, poor appetite, metallic taste
  • Decreases HbA1c

Lugol's Solution

  • Used during thyroid storm to return thyroid levels to normal

Aspart Insulin

  • Rapid-acting insulin
  • Onset: 10-20 minutes
  • Ensure proper food intake

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

  • Used to treat pernicious anemia
  • Administered via intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SQ) injection
  • Also known as vitamin B12

Semaglutide

  • GLP-1 agonist for Type 2 Diabetes
  • Oral medication
  • Does not cause hypoglycemia

Vitamin D

  • Crucial for calcium absorption in the body

NPH Insulin

  • Intermediate-acting insulin
  • Often administered twice daily
  • Not typically used for sliding scale dosing

Epoetin Alfa

  • Treats anemia associated with chemotherapy or end-stage renal disease
  • Administered subcutaneously (SQ) or intramuscularly (IM)
  • Monitor blood pressure before administration
  • Encourage consumption of iron-rich foods
  • Stimulates red blood cell production

PTU (Propylthiouracil)

  • Used to treat Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism
  • First-line medication
  • Monitor thyroid levels for hypothyroidism
  • Potential for severe liver damage
  • Negative feedback mechanism used to indicate hormone stimulus is not needed by the body
  • Used to diagnose adrenal insufficiency

Glucagon

  • Secreted by the pancreas in response to decreased blood sugar

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Description

This quiz covers various medications used in the treatment of diabetes and related conditions. You will explore important drugs such as Metformin, Aspart Insulin, and Semaglutide, along with their indications, side effects, and mechanisms of action. Test your knowledge on the pharmacology of these vital medications.

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