Pathology: Healing and Repair

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between regeneration and healing?

Regeneration replaces injured cells with same cell type, while healing replaces with fibrous tissue

What is the term for the process of scar formation in healing?

Fibroplasia

What is the term for the tissue that forms during the healing process?

Granulation tissue

What is the term for the process by which the liver regenerates?

Regeneration Signup and view all the answers

What is the factor that controls tissue regeneration?

Biochemical factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of wound healing that involves the closure of the wound by the approximation of the wound edges?

Primary intention Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors locally influences wound repair?

Inadequate blood supply Signup and view all the answers

What is a systemic factor that inhibits collagen synthesis?

Vitamin C deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of persisting infection in a wound?

Prolonged inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a locally applied drug that influences wound repair?

Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of excessive movement on wound healing?

Prolonged inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the recovery of tensile strength during the first 2 months of healing?

Excess of collagen synthesis over collagen degradation Signup and view all the answers

At later times, what contributes to the recovery of tensile strength?

Structural modifications of collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of normal wound strength is typically reached by 3 months?

70% to 80% Signup and view all the answers

Why do permanent cells, such as neuronal cells, not recover after damage?

They are terminally differentiated and non-proliferative Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of damage to permanent cells, such as neurons and cardiac muscle cells?

The cells form a scar Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the irreversibility of a stroke?

Damage to permanent cells, such as neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for carrying away debris during the wound healing process?

Phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of wound healing do neutrophils disappear and macrophages enter the wound site?

3 days Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of tensile strength of unwounded skin is achieved by the wound site in 3 months?

70-80% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wound healing occurs when there is minimal or no skin loss?

Healing by primary union Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of granulation tissue in wound healing?

To bridge the gap between wound edges Signup and view all the answers

When does the epidermis reach pre-incision thickness during the wound healing process?

5 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adhesive glycoproteins in the ECM?

To bind ECM components to each other and to other cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of granulation tissue during wound healing?

It is a soft, beefy red, granular area that bleeds easily Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the ECM that provides structural framework to the body?

Collagens Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the tissue healing process?

Induction of inflammatory process Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of collagen deposition during wound healing?

To provide strength and structure to the tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage of wound healing in adults?

Remodelling Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Healing and Regeneration

Healing: replacement of injured cells by fibrous tissue, resulting in scar formation
Regeneration: replacement of injured cells by cells of the same type, e.g., regeneration of skin or oral mucosa

Tissue Healing Process

8 steps:
- Inflammatory process induction
- Removal of damaged and dead tissue
- Migration and proliferation of connective tissue cells
- Formation of new blood vessels with granulation tissue
- Synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen deposition
- Tissue remodeling
- Wound contraction
- Acquisition of wound strength

Granulation Tissue

Appearance: soft, beefy red, granular area that bleeds easily
Characteristics: newly formed capillary blood vessels and fibroblasts
Function: recovery of tensile strength results from excess collagen synthesis over collagen degradation during the first 2 months of healing

Stages of Wound Healing

4 continuous and overlapping phases:
- Haemostasis
- Inflammation
- Proliferation
- Remodeling

Healing by Primary and Secondary Intention

Healing by primary union:
- Minimal or no skin loss
- Wound healing process occurs in 8 steps
- Tensile strength increases to 70-80% of unwounded skin in 3 months
Healing by secondary union:
- Large tissue defects that need to be refilled
- Purulent infections prevent direct association of wound edges
- Granulation tissue generated to close dermal defect and transform into stable scar tissue

Factors Affecting Wound Healing

Local factors:
- Size and site of the wound
- Persisting infection or foreign material
- Inadequate blood supply
- Excessive movement
- Irradiation
- Locally applied drugs
Systemic factors:
- Age
- Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., vitamin C, zinc, protein)
- Metabolic diseases (e.g., renal failure, diabetes mellitus)
- Catabolic state associated with malignancies
- Systemic drugs

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