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Questions and Answers
What is the recommended additional caloric intake for breastfeeding women?
What is a significant risk associated with postpartum weight retention?
What is the recommended fluid intake for healthy newborns?
When should breastfeeding ideally begin after delivery?
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What is the percentage of daily calories that should come from protein for newborns?
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Which mineral is particularly crucial during the third trimester?
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What is crucial for a child's physical, mental, and social development?
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What should breastfed infants receive if taking less than 500 mL/day of fortified formula?
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What is the primary purpose of complementary feeding for infants?
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At what age should complementary feeding begin according to the guidelines?
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Which of the following nutrient requirements is specified for infants aged 0-6 months?
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What is NOT a characteristic of proper complementary feeding?
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What is the overall goal of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT covered under the Expanded Program on Immunization?
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What has the Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011 established?
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For children aged 1-5 years, what is the recommended range of calorie intake?
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What is the purpose of administering parenteral antibiotics in basic emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC)?
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When should term newborns receive necessary screenings before discharge?
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Which of the following is NOT a core function of BEmONC?
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What additional function is included in comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care (CEmONC) compared to BEmONC?
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What is a key benefit of newborn screening?
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What defines basic emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC)?
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Who typically comprises the staff in basic emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC) facilities?
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What intervention is performed to prevent complications from perinatal asphyxia in BEmONC?
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What is the primary purpose of Early Essential Intrapartum and Newborn Care (EINC)?
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What is a time-bound intervention recommended during the newborn's first moments after delivery?
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Which vaccination is NOT included in the actions taken within 90 minutes to 6 hours after birth?
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What component is NOT part of the Newborn Screening (NBS) process?
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What does proper timing of cord clamping help prevent?
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What is a crucial aspect of postpartum care for the mother and baby according to EINC?
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Which of the following is included in the criteria for newborn screening?
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When performing specimen collection for newborn screening, what method is used?
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What is the primary focus of environmental sanitation?
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Which of the following is NOT an element of good environmental health?
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What level of sanitation emphasizes proper waste disposal near water sources?
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Which is a responsibility of nursing in the context of environmental sanitation?
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What is the purpose of the Sanitation Code of the Philippines?
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Which of the following components does NOT belong to the definition of the environment?
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Which barrier is primarily designed to prevent fecal contamination?
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What is a consequence of disasters on environmental sanitation?
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Study Notes
Nutritional Requirements During Pregnancy and After Delivery
- Women should consume an additional 500 kcal/day while breastfeeding.
- Vitamin supplements should be taken if deficiencies are noted.
- Up to 75% of women retain more weight than pre-pregnancy weight at one year postpartum.
- Postpartum weight retention increases the risk for adverse outcomes in future pregnancies and long-term health conditions like hypertension and diabetes.
Newborn Nutritional Requirements
- Breastfeeding can start immediately after delivery.
- Colostrum, the first milk, is safe and absorbed by the respiratory system if aspirated.
- The first feeding should start within the first hour, but no later than 2-3 hours after birth.
- Routine feeding schedule: Feed every 2-4 hours.
- Self-demand feeding: Feed when the baby is hungry, usually every 3-4 hours.
- Fluid requirement: 140-160 mL/kg of body weight per day.
- Energy requirement: 90-120 kcal/kg/day for healthy newborns.
- Protein requirement: 15-20% of daily calories.
- Fat requirement: 30-40% of daily intake.
- Carbohydrates requirement: 40-50% of daily calories, primarily lactose from human milk.
- Minerals: Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron are crucial, especially during the third trimester.
- Supplements:
- Vitamin K: Given to all infants at birth.
- Vitamin D: Given to breastfed infants or those taking less than 500 mL/day of fortified formula.
- Iron: Necessary for breastfed infants.
- Fluoride: May be required based on water supply.
Child Nutritional Requirements
- Adequate nutrition is vital for physical, mental, and social development.
- Inadequate diet leads to poor muscle development, reduced work capacity, poor social development, high illness rates, and difficulty in school.
Nutrient Requirements by Age
- 0-6 months: 120 kcal, 2.3-1.8 g protein/kg, 6 mg iron, 400 mg calcium.
- 7-12 months: 100 kcal, 1.8-1.5 g protein/kg, 10 mg iron, 300 mg calcium.
- 1-5 years: 1000-1500 kcal, 17-22 g protein, 15-20 mg iron, 250-300 mg calcium.
Complementary Feeding
- Complementary feeding involves providing solid or semi-solid foods in addition to breast milk after six months of age.
- It is important to meet the increasing nutritional needs of the baby beyond what breast milk can provide.
- Complementary feeding should begin at six months.
- Use locally available food that is adequate and safe.
- Include foods from at least 4 food groups: Grains, legumes, dairy, flesh foods, eggs, vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables, and other fruits and vegetables.
Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011 & Expanded Program of Immunization
- Republic Act No. 10152: Mandates basic immunization services for infants and children in the Philippines.
- Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI): Established in 1976 to ensure routine access to vaccines for infants, children, and mothers.
- Goal: Reduce illness and death from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Specific Goals of EPI
- Immunize all infants/children against common vaccine-preventable diseases.
- Maintain polio-free status.
- Eliminate measles, maternal and neonatal tetanus.
- Control diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, and rubella.
- Prevent tuberculosis in children.
Diseases Covered Under EPI
- Tuberculosis
- Diphtheria
- Pertussis
- Tetanus
- Hepatitis B
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Polio
- Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI)
- IMCI is a comprehensive strategy combining preventive and curative care to manage childhood illnesses.
- It focuses on improving care at both health facilities and community levels to enhance child survival and health.
- IMCI improves the quality of care for children under five using a systematic approach to assess, classify, and manage common childhood illnesses.
- It also promotes better communication and collaboration between health workers and families.
Early Essential Intrapartum and Newborn Care (EINC)
- EINC provides evidence-based practices to ensure quality care for mothers and newborns during labor, delivery, and the first week of life.
Time-bound interventions within EINC:
- Immediate drying: For 30 seconds to 1 minute to warm the newborn and stimulate breathing.
- Early skin-to-skin contact: Prevents hypothermia, infection, and hypoglycemia.
- Properly timed cord clamping: Done after 1-3 minutes, preventing anemia and protecting against brain hemorrhage.
- Non-separation of mother and baby: Promotes early breastfeeding and reduces infection risk.
Interventions within 90 Minutes to 6 Hours:
- Give Vitamin K, hepatitis B, and BCG vaccinations.
- Examine, weigh, and record newborn information.
Interventions After 90 Minutes:
- Support exclusive breastfeeding and keep mother and baby together (rooming-in).
Interventions Prior to Discharge:
- Ensure the baby is warm and explain the importance of warmth.
- Dress the baby appropriately, with a cap for small infants.
Newborn Screening (NBS)
- The goal of NBS is early detection of metabolic or genetic disorders to initiate prompt treatment and prevent complications.
- Key components of NBS: Education, Screening, Early Follow-up, Diagnosis, Management, and Evaluation.
- Criteria for screening: High incidence of the disorder, available treatment that is cost-effective, sensitive and specific tests.
- Specimen Collection: Blood is obtained from the heel of the newborn.
- Timing:
- For term newborns: Before discharge or by day 3.
- For preterm or low birth weight infants: By two weeks or before discharge.
Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (BEmONC)
- Provides lifesaving services for emergency maternal and newborn conditions at health facilities.
- BEmONC services are available at rural health units, barangay health stations, and birthing homes.
- BEmONC facilities must have a medical doctor, a registered nurse, and a midwife.
Core Functions of BEmONC:
- Administer Parenteral Antibiotics: For infections like puerperal sepsis.
- Administer Uterotonic Drugs: To manage postpartum hemorrhage.
- Administer Anticonvulsants: For severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.
- Manually Remove Placenta: To prevent hemorrhage and sepsis.
- Remove Retained Products: Using vacuum aspiration or misoprostol.
- Perform Assisted Vaginal Delivery: Using forceps or vacuum extraction.
- Perform Basic Neonatal Resuscitation: To prevent complications from perinatal asphyxia.
Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (CEmONC)
- CEmONC is BEmONC services plus surgical delivery and blood transfusion services.
Additional Functions of CEmONC:
- Perform Caesarean Delivery: For cases where vaginal delivery poses risks.
- Provide Blood Transfusion: For postpartum hemorrhage management.
Environmental Sanitation
- Focuses on managing factors in the physical environment that affect health and well-being.
- Includes physical, biological, and social factors.
- Promotes individual and community health.
- Protects against diseases and environmental pollution.
Elements of Good Environmental Health:
- Control air pollution.
- Provide clean water and healthful housing.
- Reduce sound pollution and properly manage waste.
Sanitation Code of the Philippines
- Ensures the health of the community by properly managing waste and sanitation.
- The Department of Health (DOH) is responsible for promoting public health and preserving health standards.
Objectives of the Sanitation Code:
- Promote public health services, ensuring clean water, proper food and waste management, insect/rodent control, and noise control.
Nursing Responsibilities in Environmental Sanitation:
- Provide health education.
- Lead sustainable practices.
- Collaborate with other professionals.
- Advocate for environmental policies.
- Participate in training programs and sanitation campaigns.
Barriers to Pathogen Spread:
- Primary barriers: Structures preventing fecal contamination.
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Description
Explore the essential nutritional needs for women during pregnancy and postpartum, and learn about the proper feeding requirements for newborns. This quiz covers calories, vitamin intake, breastfeeding guidelines, and the importance of meeting nutritional standards for both mothers and infants.
