Nutrition for Pregnancy and Lactation

Questions and Answers

What are the daily caloric needs during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy?

300 kcal/day more than pre-pregnancy.

What is the recommended protein intake during pregnancy?

70g/day

45g/day

60g/day (correct)

90g/day

Excessive exercise and inadequate energy intake can lead to adequate maternal weight gain.

False

The RDA for lactation includes an additional kcal and g of protein each day.

500; 12-15 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances should be avoided during pregnancy?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Match the age group with their corresponding RDA for protein per kg:

Infants = 1.2g Children (1-3 years) = 1.2g Children (4-6 years) = 1.1g Adolescent Males (11-14 years) = 1.0g Signup and view all the answers

What should older adults increase their intake of due to decreased bone density?

Calcium and vitamin D. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the types of vegetarian diets.

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Vegans can obtain vitamin B12 from plant foods alone.

False Signup and view all the answers

______ nutrient is essential for promoting absorption of calcium and phosphorus.

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pregnancy and Lactation

During the first trimester, daily needs for the embryo and fetus are smaller than in the second and third trimesters.
Excessive exercise and inadequate energy intake may yield inadequate maternal weight gain and impede fetal growth.
Guidelines for weight gain:
Pre-pregnancy BMI (Body Mass Index) of 26-29: 7-11.5 kg
Obese (>29): >6 kg Most of this weight gain occurs during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters.

Energy and Macronutrients During Pregnancy

Recommended daily allowance (RDA) for energy: 300 kcal/day more than pre-pregnancy
Weight gain is the best indicator of adequate calorie intake
No weight loss is advised during pregnancy, even for obese women
Macronutrients:
Protein: RDA - 60g/day
Fats: >10% of daily calories
Carbohydrates: Complex carbs, fiber-rich diet; increased B vitamins (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid)
Folate and iron intake are higher

Foods and Substances to Avoid During Pregnancy

Avoid alcohol and moderate caffeine intake
Substance abuse:
Miscarriage
Premature delivery
Low birth weight
Infant addiction
Infant mortality
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Fetal growth retardation
Birth defects
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Lactation

RDA for lactation: additional 500 kcal and 12-15g protein per day
Recommended higher intake levels for minerals
Fluids are important for adequate milk production: 2 liters/day, at least 1 cup of water per breast feeding
Avoid tobacco, alcohol, and drugs

Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Nutrition for Infants

Energy RDA for infants:
Protein: 39%
Fat: 55%
Carbohydrates: 15%
Primary functions of energy-yielding nutrients:
Protein: growth
Fat: energy
Carbohydrates: energy and enhances absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Important micronutrients:
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Fluoride
Iron
Vitamin B12

Nutrition for Childhood

Energy and protein RDA:
1-3 years: 102 kcal/kg, 1.2 g protein/kg
4-6 years: 90 kcal/kg, 1.1 g protein/kg
7-10 years: 70 kcal/kg, 1.0 g protein/kg
Food guide pyramid for young children (6-12 years):
Milk group: 2 servings
Meats group: 2 servings
Vegetables: 3 servings
Fruits: 2 servings
Bread, rice, pasta: 6 or more servings
Important micronutrients:
Iron
Zinc
Vitamin E
Vitamin D

Nutrition for Adolescence

Energy and protein RDA:
Males:
11-14 years: 55 kcal/kg, 1.0 g protein/kg
15-18 years: 45 kcal/kg, 0.9 g protein/kg
Females:
11-14 years: 47 kcal/kg, 1.0 g protein/kg
15-18 years: 40 kcal/kg, 0.8 g protein/kg
Important micronutrients:
Iron
Vitamin A
Calcium

Older Adults

Age-related physiological changes:
Decreased muscle mass
Decreased bone density
Decreased immune function
Decreased saliva production
Decreased digestive secretion
Decreased lactose secretion
Decreased GI motility
Decreased cardiac output
Decreased blood volume
Decreased kidney function
Decreased immune function
Decreased vitamin absorption

Nutrition for Older Adults

Age-related changes and nutrient needs:
Decreased muscle mass: decreased need for calories
Decreased bone density: increased need for calcium and vitamin D
Decreased immune function: increased need for vitamin B6, vitamin E, and zinc
Food guide pyramid for older adults:
Calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12: may be needed
Fats, oils, sweets: use sparingly
Meats, yogurt, and cheese: 3 servings
Vegetables: 3 or more servings
Fruits: 2 or more servings
Bread, rice, pasta: 6 or more servings
Water: 8 or more servings
Important micronutrients:
Iron
Magnesium
Zinc
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Calcium

Vegetarian

Types of vegetarians:
Vegan: eats only foods of plant origin
Lacto-vegetarian: includes dairy products
Ovo-lacto-vegetarian: includes egg and dairy products
Semi-vegetarian: consumes white meat (fish and chicken) but not red meat
Protein quality and quantity:
Plant protein alone can provide enough of the essential and non-essential amino acids as long as sources of dietary protein are fairly varied and energy intake is adequate
Vitamins and minerals:
Vegetarians tend to eat more vitamin C and B complex
However, vitamin A and B12 are lacking in plant foods
Vegans can obtain vitamin B12 from fortified breakfast cereals, fortified soy beverages, nutritional yeast, and vitamin supplements
Iron: fortified and whole grain cereals, dried beans, dark green vegetables, brewer's yeast, and dried fruits