Questions and Answers
Which hormone reduces IRS-1 expression and inhibits insulin-induced Glut4 translocation?
Progesterone
Which hormone reduces insulin sensitivity at high concentrations?
Estrogen
Which hormone promotes insulin resistance by reducing insulin sensitivity and increasing glucose and FFA availability?
Placental lactogen (hPL)
Which postpartum health consideration may impact nutritional needs due to altered oxytocin, prolactin, and progesterone levels?
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What is the primary physiological factor affecting postpartum nutritional needs?
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Which hormone is involved in the physiology of lactation and the synthesis of milk components?
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Which hormone is responsible for the movement of milk through the milk ducts to the nipple?
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Which hormone is associated with increased stress as a postpartum health consideration?
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Which hormone is linked to altered glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in maternal insulin-responsive tissues?
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Which hormone reduces insulin sensitivity and increases glucose and FFA availability to provide energy for the growing fetus?
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What is colostrum?
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What triggers the release of milk from the glands through the ducts?
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What is the approximate fat content in human breast milk?
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Why are maternal nutrient needs higher during lactation than during pregnancy?
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What can be found in breastmilk, posing a risk to infants?
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What are some pregnancy risk factors mentioned in the text?
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What can affect fetal development?
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What is the concern related to fish consumption during pregnancy?
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What was the focus of a public health notice in 2001 for pregnant women?
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What attribute of fish consumption during pregnancy outweighs the mercury effect according to the text?
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What is suggested for pregnant women regarding fish consumption and brain development?
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What is the approximate carbohydrate content in human breast milk?
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Study Notes
Nutrition and Development During Pregnancy and Lactation
- Colostrum is the immature milk secreted during the first days after delivery, rich in protein and immune factors
- The release of milk from the glands through the ducts is referred to as let-down, triggered by the hormone oxytocin
- Human breast milk composition: 0.8-0.9% protein, 3-5% fat, 6.9-7.2% carbohydrate, 0.2% minerals, and various bioactive compounds
- Human milk is dynamic, contains nutrients and bioactive factors essential for infant health and development, and its composition varies by stage of lactation
- Maternal nutrient needs during lactation are higher than during pregnancy, with an additional liter of fluid/water required daily
- Chemical contaminants such as pesticides, dioxins, heavy metals, and others can be found in breastmilk, posing a risk to infants
- Pregnancy risk factors include malnutrition, hypertension, diabetes, substance abuse, and exposure to toxic substances
- Fetal development can be affected by exposure to various toxins, including alcohol, cigarette smoke, drugs, and certain foods
- Consumption of fish during pregnancy has benefits due to omega-3 fatty acids, but some fish contain methyl mercury, a known neurotoxin
- A public health notice in 2001 warned pregnant women about the dangers of eating certain types of fish due to mercury contamination
- Infants born to fish-eating mothers score higher on cognitive tests, attributed to increased DHA in the diet, which outweighs the mercury effect
- Targeted messages for pregnant women about fish consumption and the benefits of DHA on brain development are suggested
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