Community Health Nursing 1 PDF

J Medel Notes Community Health Nursing 1 Module 16: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health and Nutrition – Summary A. Nutritional Requirements During Pregnancy and After Delivery Nutrition After Delivery: o If breastfeeding, consume an additional 500 kcal/day. o Take vit...

J Medel Notes Community Health Nursing 1 Module 16: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health and Nutrition – Summary A. Nutritional Requirements During Pregnancy and After Delivery Nutrition After Delivery: o If breastfeeding, consume an additional 500 kcal/day. o Take vitamin supplements if deficiencies are noted. Weight After Delivery: o Up to 75% of women retain more weight than pre-pregnancy weight at one year postpartum. o Risks: Postpartum weight retention increases the risk for adverse outcomes in future pregnancies and long-term health conditions like hypertension and diabetes. B. Newborn Nutritional Requirements First Feeding: o Breastfeeding can start immediately after delivery. o Colostrum, the first milk, is safe and absorbed by the respiratory system if aspirated. o Feeding should start within the first hour, but no later than 2-3 hours. Subsequent Feedings: o Routine schedule: Feed every 2-4 hours. o Self-demand: Feed when the baby is hungry, usually every 3-4 hours. Nutritional Needs: o Fluid: 140-160 mL/kg of body weight per day. o Energy: 90-120 kcal/kg/day for healthy newborns. o Protein: 15-20% of daily calories. o Fat: 30-40% of daily intake. o Carbohydrates: 40-50% of daily calories, primarily lactose from human milk. o Minerals: Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron are crucial, especially during the third trimester. Supplements: § Vitamin K: Given to all infants at birth. § Vitamin D: Given to breastfed infants or those taking less than 500 mL/day of fortified formula. § Iron: Necessary for breastfed infants, although absorption from human milk is good. § Fluoride: May be required based on water supply. CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 1 of 15  J Medel Notes C. Child Nutritional Requirements Importance: o Adequate nutrition is vital for physical, mental, and social development. o Outcomes of inadequate diet: Poor muscle development, reduced work capacity, poor social development, high illness rates, and difficulty in school. Nutrient Requirements by Age: o 0-6 months: 120 kcal, 2.3-1.8 g protein/kg, 6 mg iron, 400 mg calcium. o 7-12 months: 100 kcal, 1.8-1.5 g protein/kg, 10 mg iron, 300 mg calcium. o 1-5 years: 1000-1500 kcal, 17-22 g protein, 15-20 mg iron, 250-300 mg calcium. Complementary Feeding Definition: Complementary feeding involves providing solid or semi-solid foods in addition to breast milk after six months of age. Purpose: To meet the increasing nutritional needs of the baby beyond what breast milk can provide. Characteristics: o Timely: Begins at six months. o Adequate and Safe: Uses locally available food. Types of Food: o ≥ 4 Food Groups: Grains, legumes, dairy, flesh foods, eggs, vitamin A- rich fruits and vegetables, and other fruits and vegetables. Key Points to Remember: Proper nutrition is essential during pregnancy, after delivery, and for newborns and young children to ensure growth, development, and long-term health. Breastfeeding is encouraged with appropriate complementary feeding starting at six months, supported by a balanced intake of macronutrients and necessary supplements. Module 17: CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 2 of 15  J Medel Notes Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011 & Expanded Program of Immunization - Summary Republic Act No. 10152: Mandates basic immunization services for infants and children in the Philippines. Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI): Established in 1976 to ensure routine access to vaccines for infants, children, and mothers. Overall Goal: Reduce illness and death from vaccine-preventable diseases. Specific Goals: 1. Immunize all infants/children against common vaccine-preventable diseases. 2. Maintain polio-free status. 3. Eliminate measles, maternal and neonatal tetanus. 4. Control diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, and rubella. 5. Prevent tuberculosis in children. Diseases Covered Under EPI: 1. Tuberculosis 2. Poliomyelitis 3. Diphtheria 4. Tetanus 5. Pertussis 6. Measles Vaccines Under EPI: BCG (Tuberculosis): Given at birth; dose depends on age. Hepatitis B: First dose within 24 hours of birth, followed by two additional doses. Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTP): Given in a series of five doses starting at 6 weeks. Poliovirus (IPV): Given in combination with DTP, starting at 6 weeks. Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib): Given in a series of three doses starting at 6 weeks. Pneumococcal (PCV): Given as three doses starting at 6 weeks, with a booster. Rotavirus (RV): Given orally starting at 6 weeks. Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR): Given at 12 months, with a second dose between 4-6 years. Influenza: Given yearly from 6 months. Japanese Encephalitis (JE): Given starting at 9 months. Varicella (Chickenpox): Two doses starting at 12 months. Hepatitis A (HAV): Given in two doses starting at 12 months. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Given as a two-dose series starting at 9 years. CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 3 of 15  J Medel Notes Tetanus and Diphtheria (Td/TdaP): Booster doses given every 10 years. Vaccine Storage: Vaccines require specific storage temperatures ranging from -50°C to +8°C, depending on the type of vaccine. Key Points for Nursing Practice: 1. Use leadership and management skills to oversee immunization programs. 2. Plan community health initiatives effectively. 3. Evaluate health programs based on established criteria. 4. Maintain a positive and safe practice environment. Module 18: Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) – Summary Definition: IMCI is an integrated approach focusing on the overall well-being of children under five. Aims to reduce deaths from communicable diseases in children under five. Goal: Reduce infant and under-five mortality by at least one-third by 2010, towards reducing by two-thirds by 2015. Aim: Reduce death, illness, and disability while promoting growth and development for children under five. Implemented by health facilities, families, and communities with preventive and curative measures. Objectives: 1. Reduce global mortality and morbidity from major childhood diseases. 2. Promote healthy growth and development. Components of IMCI Strategy: 1. Improve health workers' skills. 2. Improve health systems to deliver IMCI. 3. Improve family and community practices. Main Diseases Targeted by IMCI: 1. Acute Respiratory Infection 2. Diarrhea 3. Fever 4. Malaria 5. Measles 6. Dengue Fever 7. Ear Infection 8. Malnutrition CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 4 of 15  J Medel Notes IMCI Case Management Process: 1. Assess and classify the child's illness. 2. Identify appropriate treatment based on classification. 3. Treat or refer the child for further medical care. 4. Counsel caregivers. 5. Follow-up to assess treatment success. General Danger Signs to Check: Inability to drink/breastfeed. Vomiting everything. Convulsions. Lethargy or unconsciousness. Assess Main Symptoms: Cough/Difficulty Breathing: Assess for pneumonia or other respiratory infections. Diarrhea: Check for duration, blood in stool, and signs of dehydration. Fever: Determine risk of malaria, dengue, or measles. Ear Problems: Assess for ear infections. Classification Based on Symptoms: Pneumonia: Cough, difficulty breathing, fast breathing, chest indrawing, stridor in calm child. o Fast breathing: 50+ breaths/min for ages 2-12 months; 40+ breaths/min for ages 1-5 years. Diarrhea and Dehydration: Assess for dehydration based on signs like sunken eyes and poor drinking. Severe Febrile Diseases/Malaria: Treatment may include quinine, antibiotics, and paracetamol for high fever. Severe Malnutrition: Assess for signs like lethargy, visible wasting, or poor weight gain. Color-Coded Classification System: Used to classify severity and treatment urgency for different conditions. Treatment Guidelines: Antibiotics, antimalarials, and supportive treatments like ORS for dehydration. Vitamin A supplementation for measles. Paracetamol for fever and pain relief. Mebendazole for deworming in areas with worm infections. Follow-up: After initial treatment, children must be reassessed to ensure recovery, and caregivers should be advised on when to return immediately. Key Takeaway: IMCI is a comprehensive strategy combining preventive and curative care to manage childhood illnesses, focusing on improving care at both health facilities and community levels to enhance child survival and health. CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 5 of 15  J Medel Notes Module 19: Early Essential Intrapartum and Newborn Care, Newborn Screening, and Emergency Obstetric/Newborn Care – Summary Early Essential Intrapartum and Newborn Care (EINC) EINC provides evidence-based practices to ensure safe and quality care for mothers and newborns during labor, delivery, and the first week of life. Time-bound interventions: 1. Immediate drying: For 30 seconds to 1 minute to warm the newborn and stimulate breathing. 2. Early skin-to-skin contact: Prevents hypothermia, infection, and hypoglycemia. 3. Properly timed cord clamping: Done after 1-3 minutes, preventing anemia and protecting against brain hemorrhage. 4. Non-separation of mother and baby: Promotes early breastfeeding and reduces infection risk. Within 90 Minutes to 6 Hours: o Give Vitamin K, hepatitis B, and BCG vaccinations. o Examine, weigh, and record newborn information. Care After 90 Minutes: o Support exclusive breastfeeding and keep mother and baby together (rooming-in). Prior to Discharge: o Ensure the baby is warm and explain the importance of warmth. o Dress the baby appropriately, with a cap for small infants. Newborn Screening (NBS) Goal: Early detection of metabolic or genetic disorders to initiate prompt treatment and prevent complications. Components of NBS: o Education, Screening, Early Follow-up, Diagnosis, Management, and Evaluation. Criteria for Screening: o High incidence of disorder. o Available treatment that is cost-effective. o Sensitive and specific tests. Specimen Collection: o Blood is obtained from the heel of the newborn. Timing: o For term newborns: Before discharge or by day 3. o For preterm or low birth weight infants: By two weeks or before discharge. CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 6 of 15  J Medel Notes Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (BEmONC) Definition: Lifesaving services for emergency maternal and newborn conditions, provided by health facilities. Facilities: Include rural health units, barangay health stations, and birthing homes. Staff Composition: A medical doctor, registered nurse, and midwife. Core Functions: 1. Administer Parenteral Antibiotics: For infections like puerperal sepsis. 2. Administer Uterotonic Drugs: To manage postpartum hemorrhage. 3. Administer Anticonvulsants: For severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. 4. Manually Remove Placenta: To prevent hemorrhage and sepsis. 5. Remove Retained Products: Using vacuum aspiration or misoprostol. 6. Perform Assisted Vaginal Delivery: Using forceps or vacuum extraction. 7. Perform Basic Neonatal Resuscitation: To prevent complications from perinatal asphyxia. Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (CEmONC) Definition: BEmONC services plus surgical delivery and blood transfusion services. Additional Functions: 8. Perform Caesarean Delivery: For cases where vaginal delivery poses risks. 9. Provide Blood Transfusion: For postpartum hemorrhage management. Key Points to Remember:: These interventions focus on reducing maternal and neonatal mortality by providing timely, essential care. Health workers are trained to manage emergencies and perform life-saving procedures in both basic and comprehensive emergency facilities. Newborn screening helps detect metabolic disorders early, preventing long- term complications. Module 20: Environmental Sanitation, Sanitation Code, and Clean Air Act - Summary CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 7 of 15  J Medel Notes Environmental Sanitation Definition: A branch of public health focusing on managing factors in the physical environment that affect health and well-being. Components of Environment: o Physical, biological, and social factors. Importance of Environmental Health: o Promotes individual and community health. o Protects against diseases and environmental pollution. o Ensures a healthful environment and coordinates environmental health efforts. Elements of Good Environmental Health: o Control air pollution. o Provide clean water and healthful housing. o Reduce sound pollution and manage waste properly. Disasters and Sanitation: o Natural or man-made disasters affect environmental conditions, leading to water and sanitation issues, which in turn favor harmful microbial growth. Levels of Sanitation: 1. Household Level: Good housing and home environment prevent health problems. 2. Community Level: Proper waste disposal, avoiding waste near water sources, and reducing noise. Sanitation Code of the Philippines Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (Presidential Decree 856): Ensures the health of the community by properly managing waste and sanitation. The Department of Health (DOH) is responsible for promoting public health, preserving health standards, and implementing public health services. Sanitation Code Objectives: o Promote public health services, ensuring clean water, proper food and waste management, insect/rodent control, and noise control. Nursing Responsibilities: o Provide health education, lead sustainable practices, collaborate with other professionals, and advocate for environmental policies. o Participate in training programs and sanitation campaigns. Barriers to Pathogen Spread: o Primary Barriers: Structures preventing fecal contamination. CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 8 of 15  J Medel Notes o Secondary Barriers: Practices like handwashing, insect control, and proper food handling. Clean Air Act (R.A. 8749) Objective: Reduce air pollution and promote environmental protection as part of development plans. Sources of Air Pollution: 1. Mobile Source: Vehicles emitting air pollutants. 2. Stationary Source: Structures like industrial facilities emitting pollutants. Programs to Address Air Pollution: o "Bantay Tsimineya" for chimney monitoring. o Improved fuel quality and standards for emissions. Citizen Rights: o Right to breathe clean air, enjoy natural resources, participate in environmental policy formulation, and seek compensation for environmental damage. What Can You Do to Help: o Maintain vehicles, avoid burning garbage, use energy-saving devices, and plant trees. Key Points to Remember: Environmental Health: Important for community health; involves managing pollution, waste, and hygiene. Sanitation Code: Ensures proper sanitation through management of waste, water, and pollution. Clean Air Act: Focuses on reducing air pollution through regulations on emissions from both mobile and stationary sources. Role of Nurses: Educate, lead by example, collaborate, and advocate for better environmental health. Module 21: CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 9 of 15  J Medel Notes School and Occupational Health – Summary School Health Services Definition: School health refers to complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being of pupils, teachers, and other school personnel. School Health Service: Comprehensive health services to promote, protect, prevent, and maintain health in schools. Aims: Promote, protect, and maintain health of school children, and reduce morbidity and mortality. Principles: Planned in coordination with schools, health personnel, parents, and community. Emphasizes prevention and health promotion as part of community health services. Health Problems in School Children: Malnutrition, infectious diseases, intestinal parasites, and dental caries. Components of School Health Program: 1. Health Education: Teaches personal hygiene, environmental health, disease prevention, first aid, and reproductive health. 2. Physical Education: Promotes musculoskeletal development, mental health, and stress relief. 3. Health Services: Routine screening and examination, vaccination, and maintaining health records. 4. Nutrition Services: Nutritious meals to combat malnutrition, nutrition education for parents, teachers, and children. 5. Counseling, Psychological, and Social Services: Address mental health, maladjustment, and support balanced activities. 6. Healthful School Environment: Safe location, good building structure, proper furnishing, and sanitation facilities. 7. Health Promotion for Staff: Regular medical examinations, emergency care training for teachers. 8. Family and Community Involvement: Educate families on health issues, promote physical activity involving family. Role of School Nurse: Administrator, educator, service provider, coordinator, evaluator, and liaison to promote school health. Collaborates with school health team, comprising school principal, teachers, parents, community, and medical officer. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 10 of 15  J Medel Notes Definition: A multidisciplinary field focused on ensuring the safety, health, and welfare of workers. OSH Standards: Rules issued by DOLE to ensure safe working conditions. Aims: Promote physical, mental, and social well-being of workers. Prevent health issues related to working conditions. Adapt work to human needs for safety and health. Elements of OSH: 1. Occupational Safety: Preventing unsafe acts/conditions to reduce accidents. 2. Occupational Health: Addressing work hazards and implementing health programs. 3. Industrial Hygiene: Managing hazards (physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic). Health Hazards in the Workplace: Biological: Infectious agents (bacteria, viruses). Chemical: Toxic or irritating substances. Enviro-Mechanical: Poor equipment, slippery floors. Physical: Radiation, noise. Psychosocial: Stress and emotional strain from work conditions. Key OSH Principles: Avoid hazards (primary prevention), optimize working conditions, use safe technology. Employers are primarily responsible for health and safety. Workers have the right to participate in safety decisions. Workplace Safety Tips: 1. Provide thorough employee training. 2. Reward safe behavior. 3. Partner with occupational clinicians. 4. Use labels and signs for hazard communication. 5. Keep workplaces clean and organized. 6. Ensure proper tools and regular equipment inspections. 7. Encourage stretch breaks. 8. Hire qualified, detail-oriented employees. 9. Keep open communication regarding safety concerns. 10. Conduct regular safety meetings. Role of Occupational Health Nurse: Develop and implement health and safety programs. Treat injuries and illnesses and follow-up with referrals. Monitor employee health, conduct research, and guide workers toward appropriate health resources. CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 11 of 15  J Medel Notes Module 22: New Technologies Related to Public Health – Summary iClinic System Supports functions of a clinic (e.g., barangay health stations, rural health units) to manage patient records and generate standardized reports at local and national levels. Benefits: 1. Efficiency: Improved workforce productivity in retrieving patient information and administration. 2. Quality of Care: Reduced medically avoidable incidents, better compliance monitoring. 3. Operations Planning: Enhanced access to quality data for health service planning. 4. Health Monitoring: Track patient data over time, support public health interventions, and improve reporting. 5. Innovation & Growth: Compliance with health data standards, opportunity for ongoing innovations. Integrated Hospital Operations and Management Information System (IHOMIS) A Windows-based hospital information system for government hospitals, facilitating efficient hospital operations. eHealth Vision (By 2020) Enable widespread access to healthcare services, health information, and secure exchange of patient information. Aim to support safer and more equitable healthcare through technology-driven health management. Impact of Technology on Public Health Improved Equipment: Allows for comprehensive care and accurate diagnostics. Better Treatments: Increases quality of life for people with chronic illnesses. Better Medicines: Eradicated some life-threatening illnesses of the past. Public Health Changing Through Electronic Records Electronic Health Records (EHRs) improve public health by sharing data efficiently across health organizations. Enhance public health reporting, surveillance, and quality improvement efforts. Using E-Health in the Community Kalusugan Pangkalahatan (Universal Health Care): Uses IT for efficiency in all aspects of healthcare. CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 12 of 15  J Medel Notes Electronic Medical Records (EMRs): Comprehensive records accessed from computers or servers. Telemedicine: Provides clinical support and overcomes geographical barriers. eLearning: Facilitates health promotion through ICT. Features and Modules of iClinic System Includes features like patient demographics, treatment records, medical history, referrals, and integrated health reporting. Online Status: Real-time data storage on DOH Central Office Server. Offline Status: For facilities without internet; includes tools for data synchronization and backup. Objective: Efficiently support the function of health facilities by collecting, processing, storing, and presenting health information, improving patient service, and enforcing standards in healthcare processes. Different Types of Health Information Systems Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and Electronic Health Record (EHR) Practice Management Software - Master Patient Index (MPI) Patient Portals Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) Clinical Decision Support (CDS) Effective Use of ICT in Public Health Benefits: o Improves healthcare quality and safety. o Increases efficiency in healthcare delivery. o Supports decision-making for healthcare professionals and consumers. o Facilitates secure sharing of health information, maintaining privacy and data protection. Philippine Health Information Exchange Facilitates unification of health data across health facilities. Promotes interoperability for sharing health data between clinics and health domains. Ensures accountability and standardizes eHealth processes. Roles of Community Health Nurses in eHealth Make informed decisions based on integrated patient health data. Collaborate with healthcare providers, offer electronic consultations, and provide telehealth services. Access quality health information for clinical decision-making, patient care, and consumer interaction. Serve as data managers, educators, tele-presenters, researchers, and agents for change in adopting new technologies in healthcare. CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 13 of 15  J Medel Notes Module 23: Activities in the Community Setting – Summary Entrepreneurship in Community Nursing Entrepreneur: Takes production factors like land, labor, and capital to produce goods or services, seizing opportunities that others may not see. Entrepreneurship in Healthcare: o Initiates changes in healthcare delivery. o Moves resources into areas of higher productivity. o Creates value and innovation in health services. Healthcare Sectors for Entrepreneurship: o Health care services and facilities, medical devices, medical insurance, and pharmaceuticals. Public Health Entrepreneurship Definition: Creation and implementation of innovations to improve population health, involving collaboration, accountability, and use of available resources. Roles: Public health entrepreneurs are change agents who bring sustained improvements to population health through innovation. Basic Principles for Successful Entrepreneurship: 1. Be a solution provider: Make life easier for others. 2. Have a vision and transform it into reality. 3. Choose the right team to build speed and effectiveness. 4. Offer a viable product or service. 5. Ensure accountability. 6. Focus on growth and marketing. 7. Know and treat customers well. 8. Set priorities and never give up. Opportunities for Public Health Entrepreneurship Leveraging people's needs and fears. Selling services that promote well-being (e.g., reduced expenses, improved health). Making small incremental changes that lead to big differences. Innovate due to past failures or current needs. Opportunities include life insurance, large-scale companies, health consultancies, fitness centers, etc. Barriers to Public Health Entrepreneurship: Lack of profit motive, governmental constraints, and accountability issues. Stagnation due to funding restraints, the medical-centered model, and undertrained workforce. Difficulty targeting audiences and having inadequate public recognition. CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 14 of 15  J Medel Notes Role of Entrepreneurship in the Economy 1. Identifying Market Opportunities: Creating products and services that meet client needs. 2. Creating Employment: Generating formal and informal job opportunities. 3. Contributing to National Income: Paying taxes and contributing to GDP. 4. Infrastructural Development: Creating transport and communication networks. 5. Community Development: Participating in corporate social responsibility initiatives. Nurse Entrepreneurs Workplaces: Nurse entrepreneurs can work in their own businesses, as independent contractors, or in various healthcare settings like clinics, hospitals, and home health. Responsibilities: o Use nursing knowledge to create healthcare businesses, provide healthcare products or services, and handle business operations. o Promote and advertise the business, manage finances, and hire staff as needed. Barriers to Nursing Entrepreneurship: Legal and regulatory issues, lack of knowledge about reimbursement policies, and difficulties in private practice. Cultural and social values that favor family care over hiring professionals. Medical-centered models where nurses have limited autonomy. Economic instability, inadequate public recognition, lack of public policies, and gender issues. Examples of Entrepreneurs in Health Care Pharmacists, doctors, dentists, therapists, athletic trainers. Key Points to Remember: Entrepreneurship in community nursing can improve health outcomes and contribute to socio-economic development by creating employment, identifying new opportunities, and promoting community health. Public health entrepreneurship is key to addressing unmet health needs, providing value, and initiating changes in the healthcare system. Nurse entrepreneurs play a crucial role in providing innovative health services, though they face barriers that require overcoming societal, regulatory, and economic challenges. CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE These notes are the property of Mr. Medel. Unauthorized use, sharing, or reproduction is prohibited. For permission, contact Mr. Medel. © 2024 Mr. Medel. All rights reserved. Page 15 of 15