Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation
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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended nursing duration at each breast for an infant?

  • 20 to 25 minutes
  • 10 to 15 minutes (correct)
  • 5 to 10 minutes
  • 15 to 20 minutes

During growth spurts, how does an infant's nursing frequency change?

  • It becomes sporadic and unpredictable.
  • It decreases significantly.
  • It remains the same as usual.
  • It increases to meet nutrient needs. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT an indicator that an infant is receiving sufficient nutrition from breastfeeding?

  • Normal growth rates
  • One or two mustard-colored bowel movements daily
  • Six or more wet diapers a day
  • Breast staying full after nursing (correct)

What is one benefit of breastfeeding for mothers after delivery?

<p>Accelerated return to prepregnancy weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bottle feeding is true?

<p>Cuddling the infant during feeding helps prevent middle ear infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should never be done to warm expressed breast milk?

<p>Use a microwave. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might some mothers choose to bottle feed instead of breastfeeding?

<p>They find bottle feeding more convenient due to employment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What correlation has research shown related to breastfeeding?

<p>Decreased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended portion size for preschool children based on their age?

<p>1 tablespoon for each year of age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to avoid excessive milk consumption in young children?

<p>It can crowd out iron-rich foods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of consuming iron-rich foods with vitamin C-rich foods?

<p>To provide sufficient iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should an athlete avoid to prevent dehydration while trying to make weight?

<p>Refusing liquids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can potentially cause choking in children under 4 years of age?

<p>Peanuts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should children have a snack to maintain their energy levels?

<p>Every 2 to 3 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended to be the composition of the pregame meal?

<p>Primarily carbohydrates with small amounts of protein and fat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended calorie increase to gain 1 pound of muscle mass?

<p>2,500 calories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a child's eating can be negatively affected by forcing them to eat?

<p>Future eating habits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice is associated with glycogen loading?

<p>Eating mostly protein and fat initially before increasing carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the caloric requirement per pound of body weight begin to decrease steadily until about 10 years of age?

<p>1 year old (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of low-fat or fat-free milk for young children?

<p>2 to 3 cups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should an athlete do 3 hours prior to a competition?

<p>Eat a balanced meal primarily of carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What eating behavior might indicate that a child is experiencing a 'food jag'?

<p>Consuming only one or two specific foods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about power drinks or energy drinks?

<p>They mostly contain sugar and empty calories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should steroid drugs be avoided by athletes?

<p>They can lead to serious health issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of daily physical activity for children?

<p>60 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is not recommended as a form of physical activity for children?

<p>Playing video games (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should parents do to limit sedentary time for their children?

<p>Remove TV sets from children's bedrooms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should parents respond to a child's request for food when they feel they are too fat?

<p>Encourage them to eat healthier options (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested method for a child to drink juice without excess calories?

<p>Mix juice with water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sitting at the table and consuming food mindfully encouraged?

<p>It takes 20 minutes for the brain to register fullness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy can help a child enjoy a calorie-dense snack while managing portion sizes?

<p>Set a timer to make the snack last longer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for learning to measure food portions?

<p>To develop accurate serving sizes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nutritional requirement for women during their childbearing years?

<p>Higher iron intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does bone loss typically begin?

<p>35 to 40 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the daily protein requirement for healthy adults?

<p>0.8 gram per kilogram of body weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is essential for strong bones?

<p>Calcium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to weight gain in young to middle adulthood?

<p>Increased appetite and food intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of calcium for adults aged 19 to 50?

<p>1,000 mg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which supplement is suggested to be taken daily to help maintain bone health?

<p>Calcium supplement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) most commonly affects which part of the body?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended amount of water that infants need per calorie?

<p>1.5 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do pediatricians typically start infants on iron-fortified cereal?

<p>6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin do breastfed infants typically need as a supplement if they are not regularly exposed to sunlight?

<p>Vitamin D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of breastfeeding compared to formula feeding?

<p>Breast milk provides temporary immunity to infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is excessive consumption of vitamins A or D harmful to infants?

<p>They can damage organs and systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutritional aspect is true about breast milk compared to infant formula?

<p>It has a lower protein content. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding stated in the content?

<p>It has a high caloric value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional supplement might pediatricians prescribe for infants in low fluoride areas?

<p>Fluoride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Water Needs of Infants

Infants have a higher water-to-body weight ratio compared to adults. They require 1.5 ml of water per calorie, which is the same proportion found in breast milk and infant formula.

Nutritional Value of Breast Milk

Breast milk provides almost all the essential nutrients an infant needs for the first 4-6 months of life, except for vitamin D.

Iron Supply in Infants

Infants are born with a 3 to 6 month supply of iron. After 6 months, iron-fortified cereal is usually introduced.

Iron in Formula

The American Academy of Pediatricians recommends iron-fortified formula for babies not breastfed.

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Vitamin D for Breastfed Infants

A vitamin D supplement is often prescribed for breastfed babies, especially those with limited sunlight exposure.

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Vitamin K Supplementation

Newborns lack intestinal bacteria needed to produce vitamin K, so they receive a supplement shortly after birth.

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Benefits of Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding provides numerous advantages over formula feeding, including natural immunity, economical benefits, convenience, and reduced risk of infections.

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Immune Benefits of Breast Milk

Mother's milk provides temporary immunity to many diseases, helping protect the infant.

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Preschool Food Amount

A helpful guideline for preschoolers is to provide 1 tablespoon of food for each year of age.

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Calorie Needs in Children

The amount of calories a child needs depends on factors like their growth rate, physical activity, body size, metabolism, and overall health.

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Food Jags and Rituals

Children may exhibit food preferences or rituals, such as only eating specific foods or arranging them on their plates in a particular way.

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Choking Hazards for Children

Choking is a serious risk for young children, so avoid giving them foods like peanuts, grapes, hot dogs, raw carrots, hard candy, and thick peanut butter.

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Importance of Snacks

Snacks are important for children's energy levels and should be provided every 2-3 hours. Choose nutritious snacks like cheese, Cheerios, fruit, milk, and unsweetened cereals.

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Mealtime Approach

Mealtime should be pleasant and relaxed. Children should be allowed to decide how much food they want to eat, and forcing them to eat can lead to disordered eating habits.

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Nutrient Needs in Children

From 6 months to 10 years, a child's nutrient needs increase despite a decrease in the rate of growth.

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Variety and Choices

Offering a variety of nutritious foods and giving children choices at mealtime promotes healthy eating habits and supports their social and emotional development.

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Breastfeeding

The act of feeding an infant with breast milk directly from the mother's breast.

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Growth Spurts

Periods in which an infant will nurse more frequently to meet increased nutritional needs for rapid growth.

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Signs of Sufficient Breastfeeding

Signs that indicate a baby is receiving enough nutrients from breastfeeding include: 6+ wet diapers per day, normal growth, 1-2 mustard-colored bowel movements daily, and breasts becoming less full during nursing.

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Expressing Breast Milk

The process of extracting and storing breast milk for later use.

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Bottle Feeding

A common method of feeding infants using a bottle filled with formula or expressed breast milk.

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Feeding Position for Bottle Feeding

Feeding an infant in a semi-upright position is recommended to reduce the risk of developing middle ear infections.

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Formula

A liquid substitute for breast milk containing nutrients necessary for infant growth.

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Destroying Antibodies in Breast Milk

The destruction of antibodies in breast milk due to excessive heat, such as in a microwave oven.

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Recommended Physical Activity for Children

Engaging in physical activities like brisk walking, playing tag, jumping rope, soccer, basketball, swimming, cycling, and dancing for at least 60 minutes daily.

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Reducing Sedentary Time

Minimizing time spent in sedentary activities like watching TV or using computers. It's okay for quiet time dedicated to homework or reading.

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Social Discrimination Against Obese Children

The negative social treatment faced by obese children and adolescents, leading to low self-esteem and potential academic and social struggles.

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Providing Healthy Food

Providing only healthy and nutritious meals and snacks, ensuring that unhealthy options are not readily available.

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Limiting Screen Time

Limiting screen time, including removing televisions from bedrooms, to promote physical activity and healthy habits.

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Parental Exercise as an Example

Setting a good example by engaging in regular exercise, demonstrating the benefits of an active lifestyle.

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Learning Correct Portions

Learning and practicing appropriate portion sizes, even using scales and measuring tools to ensure balanced meals.

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Food Choices and Moderation

Focusing on frequency and quantity of food consumption rather than labeling foods as good or bad. All foods can be enjoyed in moderation.

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Carboloading

The process of increasing muscle glycogen stores before a long athletic event. It involves a period of low-carbohydrate intake and intense exercise followed by a high-carbohydrate diet and light exercise.

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Sports Drinks vs. Soda

Sports drinks are not superior to regular soda and often contain mostly sugars and empty calories.

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Pregame Meal

The athlete's pre-event meal should be consumed 3 hours before competition, primarily consisting of carbohydrates with moderate protein and fat.

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Weight Gain for Athletes

When athletes need to gain weight, they should consume an extra 2,500 calories daily to build 1 pound of muscle. The additional calories should come from a balanced diet.

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Iron Absorption

Iron deficiency can be prevented by consuming iron-rich foods with vitamin C-rich foods.

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Calorie Adjustment for Athletes

Athletes should reduce calorie intake when their training ends, maintaining a balanced diet.

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High-Fat Diet for Athletes

Athletes should avoid high-fat diets, as they increase the risk of heart disease.

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Dehydration and Weight Loss

Dehydration can occur when athletes try to lose weight quickly by restricting liquids. This is particularly dangerous for wrestlers.

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What nutrients protect against Osteoporosis?

The intake of calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride helps protect against the onset of osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and increases risk of fractures.

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Which joints are commonly affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) primarily affects joints like wrists, finger joints, hips, knees, ankles, elbows, shoulders, and neck. It's more common in women than men.

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When do nutrient needs shift to maintenance?

After the age of 25, most growth is complete, and nutrient needs shift towards maintaining existing body tissue and producing energy.

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Why do women need more iron than men?

Women require more iron throughout their childbearing years due to menstrual blood loss and additional blood needed during pregnancy.

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How much protein do healthy adults need?

The recommended daily protein intake for healthy adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight. To calculate your individual requirement, divide your weight in pounds by 2.2 to get kilograms and multiply by 0.8.

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Why are calcium and vitamin D important for adults, and where can you find them?

Calcium and Vitamin D are essential for strong bones, and both are found in milk. Three glasses of milk daily nearly fulfill the requirement of each.

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When does bone loss begin, and who should be extra cautious?

Bone loss starts gradually around age 35 to 40 and can lead to osteoporosis. Younger people, particularly women, should consume foods rich in calcium and vitamin D to protect against this.

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How can you prevent bone loss?

Increasing your intake of calcium and vitamin D through milk consumption can help prevent bone loss in the long run.

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Study Notes

Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation

  • Good nutrition is essential for both mother and child during pregnancy (38-40 weeks)
  • Pregnant women need additional nutrients and calories for the fetus, placenta, and increased bodily tissues.
  • A nutritious diet before pregnancy improves the likelihood of a healthy infant.
  • Maternal malnutrition can cause decreased fetal growth and mental retardation.
  • Low birth weight infants (under 5.5 pounds) have a higher mortality rate.
  • Average weight gain during pregnancy is 25-35 pounds, with adjustments based on body weight.
  • Weight gain can range from 2-4 pounds in the first trimester to 1 pound per week in the latter trimesters.
  • Overweight women should aim for less weight gain (over than 15 pounds) than average women to maintain health.

Nutritional Needs

  • Couples should consult their physician before pregnancy to discuss health concerns and dietary changes.
  • Folic acid supplements are recommended monthly prior to conception.
  • Folic acid supplementation before and during the first trimester is linked to reduced neural tube defects in infants.
  • Lifestyle factors like smoking, illegal drugs, and alcohol use negatively impact embryonic development.
  • Increased protein requirement during pregnancy is prominent.

Concerns During Pregnancy

  • Nausea or morning sickness is common during the first trimester.
  • Strategies include dry crackers, frequent small meals, avoiding offensive odors, and avoiding liquids at mealtime.
  • Constipation and hemorrhoids can be relieved by dietary fiber, exercise, and drinking plenty of fluids.
  • Heartburn can result from progesterone and fetal growth.
  • Excessive weight gain necessitates dietary re-evaluation and the elimination of excessive calories, especially from sweets and sugary drinks.

Special Considerations

  • Anemia is an insufficiency of red blood cells.
  • Iron deficiency is the most common type during pregnancy.
  • Increased need for iron due to the expansion of blood volume.
  • Folate deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia, characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells.
  • Alcohol, caffeine, and drugs can negatively impact fetal development.
  • Tobacco use is linked to reduced birth weight and various complications in infants.
  • PICA – The craving for non-food substances.
  • Consult a healthcare professional for guidance and monitoring.

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Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation PDF

Description

This quiz explores the essential nutritional needs and guidelines for women during pregnancy and lactation. It covers the importance of nutrient intake, recommended weight gain, and the impact of malnutrition on fetal development. Understanding these concepts is crucial for ensuring the health of both mother and child.

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