Module 2 - The Scientific Method: Correlation vs Causation

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What is a key takeaway regarding correlation and causation from the text?

Correlation always implies causation.

Correlation and causation are the same concepts.

Causation never involves correlation.

Not all correlations imply causation. (correct)

Why was the Chinese study on spicy food and longer lives deemed to have a spurious correlation?

Spicy food does not have any health benefits.

There was a hidden third variable influencing the results. (correct)

The study lacked a large sample size.

The study was conducted in an unreliable institution.

What is the significance of the Monopoly Experiment in relation to income and behavior?

It proved that income directly causes changes in behavior.

It revealed that income has no impact on behavior.

It demonstrated the importance of jargon in scientific experiments.

It showed a correlation between income and behavior. (correct)

In the context of the text, what could be a potential misconception about correlations?

All correlations are equally robust. Signup and view all the answers

What could influence one's behavior in the Experimental Monopoly study?

Being in a privileged position Signup and view all the answers

How does the text imply wealth might affect behavior in the context of Monopoly?

Wealth influences perception of self and others. Signup and view all the answers

Who is more likely to exhibit signs of dominance and celebration while playing Monopoly?

Players with more starting money Signup and view all the answers

Which income bracket was more likely to give money to strangers according to the text?

15-25k USD per year Signup and view all the answers

Who is more likely to cheat in a game with a $50 prize?

Wealthier individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which group is more likely to take candy reserved for children in a developmental lab?

Those who feel rich Signup and view all the answers

Who is less likely to stop for pedestrians while driving expensive cars?

Owners of expensive cars Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of expensive cars broke pedestrian laws by not stopping for pedestrians?

~50% Signup and view all the answers

What is a key motivator for people to change according to the text?

Fear of failure Signup and view all the answers

Why might military leaders sometimes struggle in business roles?

Punishment of innovation in the military Signup and view all the answers

What is the common issue with problematic personality types during hiring processes?

Their negative traits are masked during interviews Signup and view all the answers

What is described as 'useless' in the context of leadership according to the text?

High emotional intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What is mentioned as a fundamental goal of leadership in contributing to the survival of the entire species?

Getting people to work for the common good Signup and view all the answers

What should managers prioritize for increased effectiveness according to the text?

The common good over personal benefits Signup and view all the answers

What is the key focus of leadership training programs according to the text?

Strengthening moral habits Signup and view all the answers

Which habit involves immediately sensing what other people are feeling, according to the text?

Empathy habit Signup and view all the answers

What does Hogan describe as the 'Fundamental Goal' of leadership?

Effective team management Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor in hiring competent individuals over charismatic ones?

Domain expertise Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change in the academic belief about 'personality' in leadership from the 60's to 2010's?

'Personality' was viewed as situational in the 60's but gained importance by 2010's Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as the distinguishing factor between politicians and leaders in the text?

Data-driven decision-making Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes virtuoso CEOs from low-character CEOs based on the text?

'Others first' habit vs. 'Me first' mentality Signup and view all the answers

"Character must be the core focus of leadership training programs" - What does this statement imply according to the text?

'Character' plays a crucial role in effective leadership development Signup and view all the answers

"70% of managers should not be in their positions" - What is suggested as the reason for this according to the text?

'Networking and politicking' outweigh talent-based promotions Signup and view all the answers

What experimental evidence suggests that power leads to a lack of empathy?

Showing photos of relatively poorer people Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is quieted when people feel more powerful and less interested in others?

Prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary need suggests a connection between reduced power and reaching out to others?

The need for compassion in leaders Signup and view all the answers

What behavior did the randomly-assigned individual in power exhibit with regards to a cookie?

Took the last cookie impulsively Signup and view all the answers

What quality of Abraham Lincoln helped him remain uncorrupted by power?

Treating opposition with respect Signup and view all the answers