Psychology Research Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of scientific research in psychology?

  • To understand the mind and behavior (correct)
  • To validate assumptions and guesses
  • To rely on the opinions of authorities
  • To gather personal experiences

Which characteristic is NOT associated with scientific research?

  • Grounded in objective evidence
  • Testing ideas against real world
  • Based on intuition and personal experience (correct)
  • Repeatable observations over time

What is the primary purpose of archival research?

  • To observe individuals over a long period
  • To compare multiple segments of a population
  • To analyze findings from current studies
  • To use past records for answering research questions (correct)

Which type of research involves studying the same group of individuals repeatedly over time?

<p>Longitudinal Research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a hypothesis represent in the scientific method?

<p>A tentative and testable prediction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a correlation coefficient of +1 indicate?

<p>A perfect positive correlation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a hypothesis be considered falsifiable?

<p>It can be tested and potentially proven wrong (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of a theory in psychological research?

<p>To propose an explanation for observed phenomena (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best describes a negative correlation?

<p>As temperature rises, energy consumption decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to approach claims critically in psychological research?

<p>To understand the expertise of the claim-maker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between correlation and causation?

<p>Correlation does not prove causation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic describes a positive correlation between two variables?

<p>Both variables increase or decrease together (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cycle best describes the process of the scientific method?

<p>Hypothesis, testing, modifications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research design is most suitable for comparing different age groups at a single point in time?

<p>Cross-Sectional Research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the importance of research in psychology?

<p>It relies on tangible, observable evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual representation helps to illustrate the strength and direction of correlations?

<p>Scatterplot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of conducting case studies?

<p>They provide a tremendous amount of detail. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of naturalistic observation?

<p>The observer may be biased in their interpretations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach allows for the use of specialized equipment during observations?

<p>Laboratory Observation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of surveys?

<p>They are quick and easy to administer to large groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue researchers must address when interpreting survey results?

<p>The potential inaccuracy in respondents' answers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a key challenge of laboratory observation?

<p>It may lead to artificial behaviors due to the setup. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of case studies, a person's unique psychological circumstance is important because it helps in what way?

<p>It provides a basis for hypothesis generation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research focuses on behavior in a person's natural environment?

<p>Naturalistic Observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't correlation determine which variable is the cause and which is the effect?

<p>Correlation only measures the strength of a relationship. (C), Correlation does not account for confounding variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a control group in an experiment?

<p>To provide a baseline for comparison. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a confounding variable?

<p>An unanticipated factor that affects both variables of interest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately distinguishes correlation from causation?

<p>Causation requires an experimental design to establish. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'illusory correlation' refer to?

<p>The false belief that a relationship exists between two unrelated factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In experimental research, what is an independent variable?

<p>The factor that is manipulated by the experimenter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of correlation studies?

<p>They cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a confirmation bias?

<p>The inclination to favor information that confirms existing beliefs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of random sampling in an experiment?

<p>To give every member of the population an equal chance of being selected (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by operational definition in an experiment?

<p>It defines how the independent and dependent variables will be measured and manipulated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about confounds is true?

<p>Confounds are extraneous variables that can affect the dependent variable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a single-blind study help address participant bias?

<p>Only researchers know which participants receive the treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes random assignment?

<p>A technique where every participant has an equal chance to be selected for any group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact can experimenter bias have on a study?

<p>It can lead the researcher to interpret results based on personal beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason not all research questions can be ethically answered using experiments?

<p>Some interventions may pose risks or discomfort to participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the example provided, what would be considered the dependent variable?

<p>The overall quality and duration of sleep measured (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a double-blind study?

<p>To eliminate bias from both participants and researchers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the placebo effect demonstrate?

<p>Expectations can significantly impact experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is validity defined in research?

<p>The extent to which a tool measures what it is designed to measure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inter-rater reliability?

<p>Measurement of agreement among different observers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

<p>To review and approve research proposals involving human participants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is informed consent in the context of human research?

<p>A process to ensure participants understand what to expect in an experiment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

<p>A valid measure is always reliable; a reliable measure is not always valid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for researchers to control for the placebo effect?

<p>To verify if observed changes result from the medication or expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Case Study

In-depth study of a single individual or a small group with unique characteristics. This approach provides detailed information but may not be generalizable to the wider population.

Phineas Gage

A famous example of a case study involving a railroad worker who suffered a severe brain injury. This case provided valuable insights into the relationship between brain regions and personality.

Naturalistic Observation

Observing behavior in a natural environment without direct intervention. It provides a realistic picture of behavior but can be difficult to control.

Observer Effect

The tendency of individuals to behave differently when they know they are being observed. This can bias the results of naturalistic observation.

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Observer Bias

The tendency of observers to see what they expect or want to see. This can also influence the results of naturalistic observation.

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Laboratory Observation

Observing behavior in a controlled laboratory setting. It allows for greater control but may not reflect real-world behavior.

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Survey

A technique for collecting data on attitudes, opinions, or behaviors by asking a series of questions. It is quick and easy to administer but relies on self-reported information.

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Representative Sample

A group of individuals in a survey that accurately reflects the characteristics of the larger population of interest. It ensures that the findings can be generalized.

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Correlation

A statistical relationship between two variables, where changes in one variable are associated with changes in the other. It doesn't imply causation.

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Causation

A direct relationship where changes in one variable cause changes in another.

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Confounding Variable

An unanticipated factor that influences both variables of interest, creating the illusion of a causal relationship when it's not true.

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Illusory Correlation

The perception of a relationship between two variables when none exists.

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Confirmation Bias

The tendency to seek out and interpret information that confirms pre-existing beliefs, ignoring contradicting evidence.

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Experiment

A research method that manipulates an independent variable to measure its effect on a dependent variable, to establish causation.

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Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.

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Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that is measured in an experiment to see how much it is affected by the independent variable.

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Sample

A smaller group of individuals chosen from a larger population to represent the whole population. For example, this class is a sample of all students in the university.

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Random Sample

A subset of a population where every member has an equal chance of being selected. This ensures the sample accurately represents the whole population.

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Random Assignment

A method of assigning participants to experimental groups, ensuring everyone has an equal chance of being in either the experimental or control group.

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Operational Definition

A precise explanation of how you will measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables in an experiment.

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Confounds

Extraneous variables that can influence the variables you are studying, making it unclear what caused the results.

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Experimenter Bias

When a researcher's expectations influence the experiment's results. Their beliefs may unconsciously skew the findings.

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Participant Bias

When participants' expectations influence the experiment's results. Their beliefs about the study can affect their behavior.

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Single-Blind Study

An experiment where the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group, but participants don't. This controls for participant bias.

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Double-Blind Study

An experiment where neither the researchers nor the participants know who's in the control group and who's in the experimental group.

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Placebo Effect

When someone's expectations or beliefs influence their experience, even with a fake treatment.

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Validity

How accurately a research tool measures what it's designed to measure.

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Reliability

How consistent and reproducible the results of a research study are.

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Inter-rater Reliability

How well different observers agree on recording and classifying an event.

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews research proposals involving human participants.

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Informed Consent

The process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment and obtaining their consent.

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Research Involving Humans

Research studies that involve human participants, subject to strict ethical guidelines.

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Why is research important?

Scientific research is crucial for understanding the world around us because it relies on objective evidence that can be observed repeatedly, helping us distinguish between fact and fiction.

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What are the pitfalls of relying on nonscientific sources?

Without scientific methods, we often rely on intuition, assumptions, personal experiences, and authority figures, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions and biased judgments.

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What is a theory?

A well-developed and comprehensive set of ideas that attempts to explain observed phenomena in a particular field of study.

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What is a hypothesis?

A testable prediction or statement about the relationship between two or more variables that is derived from a theory.

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What makes a hypothesis falsifiable?

A hypothesis is considered falsifiable if it can be proven incorrect through evidence, meaning there's a potential for the hypothesis to be disproven.

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What is the scientific method?

A cyclical process involving proposing hypotheses, conducting research, and then refining or modifying theories based on the results.

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What role does evidence play in the scientific method?

Evidence gathered through observation, experimentation, and analysis plays a crucial role in supporting or refuting hypotheses and theories.

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How does the scientific method help us understand the world?

By using a systematic approach to research, we can gather objective evidence, test ideas, and refine our understanding of the world, leading to new discoveries and improved decision-making.

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Correlational Research

Studies the relationship between two or more variables, analyzing if changes in one variable correspond to changes in others.

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Correlation Coefficient (r)

A number between -1 and +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

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Positive Correlation

Two variables change in the same direction, either both increasing or both decreasing.

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Negative Correlation

Two variables change in opposite directions, one increasing while the other decreases.

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Zero Correlation

No relationship exists between two variables, meaning changes in one variable don't affect the other.

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Correlation ≠ Causation

Just because two variables are correlated doesn't mean one causes the other.

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Scatterplots

Graphs used to visually represent the relationship between two variables.

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Strength of Correlation

The closer the data points are on a scatterplot to a straight line, the stronger the correlation between two variables.

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Study Notes

Psychological Research

  • Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior
  • Scientists aim to understand the world around them
  • Without scientific methods, reliance is on intuition, assumptions, personal experience, and authority
  • Research is grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be repeated.

Thinking Critically

  • When evaluating claims, consider the expertise of the person making them.
  • Assess the justification of claims given the available evidence.
  • Seek out the views of other researchers.

The Scientific Method

  • A cyclical process involving forming an idea (hypothesis), testing it by observing or doing experiments, and modifying the hypothesis based on the outcomes.
  • Includes inductive and deductive reasoning.
  • Involves generating hypotheses, conducting research, and modifying theories based on results.

Theory and Hypothesis

  • Theory is a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
  • Hypothesis is a tentative and testable statement (prediction) about the relationship between two or more variables. It includes "if-then" statements and is falsifiable.

Scientific Method Steps

  • Theory: Starts with an existing theory
  • Generate Hypothesis: Based on the theory.
  • Collect Data: Gather data to test the hypothesis.
  • Analyze Data: Analyze the data to see if the hypothesis is supported or rejected.
  • Confirm/Modify Theory: Confirm or modify the theory to create a better fit with the data.

Approaches to Research

  • Clinical or case studies: Detailed study of an individual in a unique circumstance. Useful for hypothesis generation, though findings may not generalize.
  • Naturalistic observation: Observing behavior in a normal environment. Yields realistic behavior, but can be hard to control. Careful consideration of observer effect and observer bias is crucial.
  • Laboratory observation: Observing behavior in a controlled laboratory setting. Control over environment allows use of specific equipment, but results can be artificial and difficult to generalize to the real world.
  • Surveys: Using questions to gather attitudes, opinions, or behaviors. Quick and easy, but responses may not be accurate.
  • Archival research: Using past records to answer questions or to study patterns/relationships.
  • Cross-sectional research: Comparing multiple segments of a population at a single time (e.g., different age groups).
  • Longitudinal research: Studying the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time.

Analyzing Findings

  • Correlational research: Examining the relationship between two or more variables.
  • Correlation coefficient (r): Indicates strength and direction of the relationship (-1 to +1). Positive correlation means both variables change together; negative means as one increases the other decreases; zero means no correlation.
  • Correlation ≠ Causation: Correlation does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship. A confounding variable might affect both variables.
  • Causality: Can be determined by conducting experiments, not correlational studies.
  • Reliability and Validity: Reliability refers to consistency and reproducibility, while Validity ensures the measurement tool accurately measures what it's designed to measure.

Research Ethics

  • Human research: Must adhere to strict guidelines, review proposals with an IRB, and get informed consent. This includes notifying participants of potential risks, implications of research, and confirming that participation is voluntary. Data must be kept confidential.
  • Animal research: IACUC review of research proposals and minimizing potential harm to the research subjects.

Additional Issues

  • Experimenter bias: Researcher expectations can affect the results.
  • Participant bias: Participants' expectations can affect the results.
  • Single-blind study: Researcher knows which participants are in experimental vs. control groups; participants do not.
  • Double-blind study: Neither researchers nor participants know which participants are in experimental vs. control groups.
  • Placebo effect: Participants' beliefs or expectations can influence results.

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Chapter 2: Psychological Research PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the primary goals and methods of scientific research in psychology. This quiz covers key concepts such as hypotheses, correlation coefficients, and research designs. Perfect for psychology students looking to deepen their understanding of research practices.

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