Understanding Correlation and Causation in Scientific Research
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Questions and Answers

What concept is exemplified by the Chinese study on spicy food and longer lives?

  • Experimental research
  • Correlation
  • Causation
  • Third variable (correct)

Why is the correlation between spicy food and longer lives considered spurious?

  • Spicy food is harmful
  • Wealthier individuals have better healthcare (correct)
  • Chinese food is not healthy
  • Poor living conditions

In the Monopoly study, what did being a privileged player in a rigged game affect?

  • Perception of self and others (correct)
  • Income donated to others
  • General living conditions
  • Healthcare access

Which type of study showed that 'advantage' caused a change in behavior?

<p>Experimental study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between 'Experimental' Monopoly study and 'Correlational' studies on income and percent donated to others?

<p>'Experimental' showed causation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be derived from the robust correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer?

<p>Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What experimental evidence is provided in the text regarding the effect of power on empathy?

<p>Showing photos of poorer people leads to a lack of empathy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the empathy networks impacted by the feeling of power?

<p>They are quieted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between healthy and productive fear?

<p>Healthy fear motivates individuals to take action, while productive fear causes stagnation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the prefrontal cortex when powerful individuals think of others?

<p>It becomes inactive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do military leaders sometimes not succeed in business according to the text?

<p>Military leaders are not accustomed to innovation which is encouraged in businesses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior does power tend to induce according to the text?

<p>Self-focus and hoarding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general perception of Emotional Intelligence (EQ)?

<p>EQ is described as ineffective and useless in practice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic attributed to Abraham Lincoln with regard to power?

<p>Treating opposition with respect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Sears hiring process discussed in the text?

<p>65% of candidates who undertook IQ tests, personality tests, and interviews failed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between character and business results in high-character leaders?

<p>Positive correlation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do problematic personality types sometimes go unnoticed in interviews according to the text?

<p>Problematic personalities are good at masking their issues during seemingly positive interviews (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Four Moral Principles for High Moral Character' include all EXCEPT:

<p>Greed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental goal of leadership according to the text?

<p>Encouraging people to work for the common good of society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Almost' psychopaths differ from actual psychopaths in that they are:

<ul> <li>More functional + Less manipulative (A)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

'Return on Assets (ROA)' is predicted by what CEO characteristic according to the text?

<p>'Head' - Integrity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Good Bosses' are described in the text as being emotionally attuned to their employees and striving for:

<p>'Competence and civility.' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some behaviors exhibited by the rich players during the game of Monopoly?

<p>Displayed signs of dominance and power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the researchers conclude regarding wealth and behavior in the study discussed?

<p>Wealthier people are more likely to justify greed as morally good (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was more likely to cheat in a game with a $50 prize?

<p>Wealthier individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which income bracket showed a higher likelihood of giving money to strangers in the study?

<p>$15-25k USD per year earners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is more likely to break traffic rules according to the information provided?

<p>Drivers of expensive cars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the possible interventions suggested in the text based on the research findings?

<p>Emphasizing the value of cooperation and compassion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between emotional intelligence and power attainment?

<p>Emotional intelligence leads to social power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reputational power as discussed in the text?

<p>'Doctors without borders' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does coercive power involve according to the text?

<p>Taking away liberty or life to achieve goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is highlighted about pursuing success amongst wealthier individuals in the text?

<p>They pursue success at the detriment of others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the 'Fundamental Goal' of leadership according to Robert Hogan?

<p>Having a good manager at the helm of a well-run team (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are virtuoso CEO moral habits different from moral habits of low character CEOs?

<p>Virtuosos exhibit empathy and prioritize others first, while low character CEOs focus on self-interest. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did academics in the 60's not believe in regarding human behavior?

<p>The influence of personality on behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should organizations do to hire competent individuals over 'charismatic' ones?

<p>Promote people based on talent rather than politics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is advocated as the most important trait of good leaders according to the text?

<p>Vision and strategy with integrity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can character be improved based on the text?

<p>Through practicing empathy and putting others first (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of managers does the text suggest should not be in their positions?

<p>70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Robert Hogan, what is crucial for a well-run team?

<p>'A good manager' at the helm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes leaders from politicians based on the text?

<p>'Leaders' focus on ideology while 'politicians' concentrate on data-driven approaches. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Return on Character' is significant according to the text. What does this imply for leadership training programs?

<p>'Return on Character' should lead to screening out psychopaths from leadership positions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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