Understanding Correlation and Causation in Scientific Research
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Questions and Answers

What concept is exemplified by the Chinese study on spicy food and longer lives?

  • Experimental research
  • Correlation
  • Causation
  • Third variable (correct)

    • Why is the correlation between spicy food and longer lives considered spurious?

  • Spicy food is harmful
  • Wealthier individuals have better healthcare (correct)
  • Chinese food is not healthy
  • Poor living conditions

    • In the Monopoly study, what did being a privileged player in a rigged game affect?

  • Perception of self and others (correct)
  • Income donated to others
  • General living conditions
  • Healthcare access

    • Which type of study showed that 'advantage' caused a change in behavior?

    <p>Experimental study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between 'Experimental' Monopoly study and 'Correlational' studies on income and percent donated to others?

    <p>'Experimental' showed causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be derived from the robust correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer?

    <p>Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What experimental evidence is provided in the text regarding the effect of power on empathy?

    <p>Showing photos of poorer people leads to a lack of empathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the empathy networks impacted by the feeling of power?

    <p>They are quieted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between healthy and productive fear?

    <p>Healthy fear motivates individuals to take action, while productive fear causes stagnation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the prefrontal cortex when powerful individuals think of others?

    <p>It becomes inactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do military leaders sometimes not succeed in business according to the text?

    <p>Military leaders are not accustomed to innovation which is encouraged in businesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior does power tend to induce according to the text?

    <p>Self-focus and hoarding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general perception of Emotional Intelligence (EQ)?

    <p>EQ is described as ineffective and useless in practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic attributed to Abraham Lincoln with regard to power?

    <p>Treating opposition with respect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Sears hiring process discussed in the text?

    <p>65% of candidates who undertook IQ tests, personality tests, and interviews failed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between character and business results in high-character leaders?

    <p>Positive correlation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do problematic personality types sometimes go unnoticed in interviews according to the text?

    <p>Problematic personalities are good at masking their issues during seemingly positive interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Four Moral Principles for High Moral Character' include all EXCEPT:

    <p>Greed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental goal of leadership according to the text?

    <p>Encouraging people to work for the common good of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Almost' psychopaths differ from actual psychopaths in that they are:

    <ul> <li>More functional + Less manipulative</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    'Return on Assets (ROA)' is predicted by what CEO characteristic according to the text?

    <p>'Head' - Integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Good Bosses' are described in the text as being emotionally attuned to their employees and striving for:

    <p>'Competence and civility.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some behaviors exhibited by the rich players during the game of Monopoly?

    <p>Displayed signs of dominance and power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the researchers conclude regarding wealth and behavior in the study discussed?

    <p>Wealthier people are more likely to justify greed as morally good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was more likely to cheat in a game with a $50 prize?

    <p>Wealthier individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which income bracket showed a higher likelihood of giving money to strangers in the study?

    <p>$15-25k USD per year earners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is more likely to break traffic rules according to the information provided?

    <p>Drivers of expensive cars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the possible interventions suggested in the text based on the research findings?

    <p>Emphasizing the value of cooperation and compassion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between emotional intelligence and power attainment?

    <p>Emotional intelligence leads to social power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reputational power as discussed in the text?

    <p>'Doctors without borders'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does coercive power involve according to the text?

    <p>Taking away liberty or life to achieve goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted about pursuing success amongst wealthier individuals in the text?

    <p>They pursue success at the detriment of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as the 'Fundamental Goal' of leadership according to Robert Hogan?

    <p>Having a good manager at the helm of a well-run team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are virtuoso CEO moral habits different from moral habits of low character CEOs?

    <p>Virtuosos exhibit empathy and prioritize others first, while low character CEOs focus on self-interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did academics in the 60's not believe in regarding human behavior?

    <p>The influence of personality on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should organizations do to hire competent individuals over 'charismatic' ones?

    <p>Promote people based on talent rather than politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is advocated as the most important trait of good leaders according to the text?

    <p>Vision and strategy with integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can character be improved based on the text?

    <p>Through practicing empathy and putting others first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of managers does the text suggest should not be in their positions?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Robert Hogan, what is crucial for a well-run team?

    <p>'A good manager' at the helm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes leaders from politicians based on the text?

    <p>'Leaders' focus on ideology while 'politicians' concentrate on data-driven approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Return on Character' is significant according to the text. What does this imply for leadership training programs?

    <p>'Return on Character' should lead to screening out psychopaths from leadership positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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