Understanding Correlation and Causation in Scientific Research

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What concept is exemplified by the Chinese study on spicy food and longer lives?

Experimental research

Correlation

Causation

Third variable (correct)

Why is the correlation between spicy food and longer lives considered spurious?

Spicy food is harmful

Wealthier individuals have better healthcare (correct)

Chinese food is not healthy

Poor living conditions

In the Monopoly study, what did being a privileged player in a rigged game affect?

Perception of self and others (correct)

Income donated to others

General living conditions

Healthcare access

Which type of study showed that 'advantage' caused a change in behavior?

Experimental study Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between 'Experimental' Monopoly study and 'Correlational' studies on income and percent donated to others?

'Experimental' showed causation Signup and view all the answers

What can be derived from the robust correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer?

Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

What experimental evidence is provided in the text regarding the effect of power on empathy?

Showing photos of poorer people leads to a lack of empathy. Signup and view all the answers

How are the empathy networks impacted by the feeling of power?

They are quieted. Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between healthy and productive fear?

Healthy fear motivates individuals to take action, while productive fear causes stagnation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the prefrontal cortex when powerful individuals think of others?

It becomes inactive. Signup and view all the answers

Why do military leaders sometimes not succeed in business according to the text?

Military leaders are not accustomed to innovation which is encouraged in businesses Signup and view all the answers

What behavior does power tend to induce according to the text?

Self-focus and hoarding. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general perception of Emotional Intelligence (EQ)?

EQ is described as ineffective and useless in practice Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic attributed to Abraham Lincoln with regard to power?

Treating opposition with respect. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Sears hiring process discussed in the text?

65% of candidates who undertook IQ tests, personality tests, and interviews failed Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between character and business results in high-character leaders?

Positive correlation. Signup and view all the answers

Why do problematic personality types sometimes go unnoticed in interviews according to the text?

Problematic personalities are good at masking their issues during seemingly positive interviews Signup and view all the answers

'Four Moral Principles for High Moral Character' include all EXCEPT:

Greed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental goal of leadership according to the text?

Encouraging people to work for the common good of society Signup and view all the answers

'Almost' psychopaths differ from actual psychopaths in that they are:

<ul> <li>More functional + Less manipulative</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

'Return on Assets (ROA)' is predicted by what CEO characteristic according to the text?

'Head' - Integrity. Signup and view all the answers

'Good Bosses' are described in the text as being emotionally attuned to their employees and striving for:

'Competence and civility.' Signup and view all the answers

What were some behaviors exhibited by the rich players during the game of Monopoly?

Displayed signs of dominance and power Signup and view all the answers

What did the researchers conclude regarding wealth and behavior in the study discussed?

Wealthier people are more likely to justify greed as morally good Signup and view all the answers

Who was more likely to cheat in a game with a $50 prize?

Wealthier individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which income bracket showed a higher likelihood of giving money to strangers in the study?

$15-25k USD per year earners Signup and view all the answers

Who is more likely to break traffic rules according to the information provided?

Drivers of expensive cars Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the possible interventions suggested in the text based on the research findings?

Emphasizing the value of cooperation and compassion Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between emotional intelligence and power attainment?

Emotional intelligence leads to social power Signup and view all the answers

What is reputational power as discussed in the text?

'Doctors without borders' Signup and view all the answers

What does coercive power involve according to the text?

Taking away liberty or life to achieve goals Signup and view all the answers

What is highlighted about pursuing success amongst wealthier individuals in the text?

They pursue success at the detriment of others Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the 'Fundamental Goal' of leadership according to Robert Hogan?

Having a good manager at the helm of a well-run team Signup and view all the answers

How are virtuoso CEO moral habits different from moral habits of low character CEOs?

Virtuosos exhibit empathy and prioritize others first, while low character CEOs focus on self-interest. Signup and view all the answers

What did academics in the 60's not believe in regarding human behavior?

The influence of personality on behavior Signup and view all the answers

What should organizations do to hire competent individuals over 'charismatic' ones?

Promote people based on talent rather than politics Signup and view all the answers

What is advocated as the most important trait of good leaders according to the text?

Vision and strategy with integrity Signup and view all the answers

How can character be improved based on the text?

Through practicing empathy and putting others first Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of managers does the text suggest should not be in their positions?

70% Signup and view all the answers

According to Robert Hogan, what is crucial for a well-run team?

'A good manager' at the helm Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes leaders from politicians based on the text?

'Leaders' focus on ideology while 'politicians' concentrate on data-driven approaches. Signup and view all the answers

'Return on Character' is significant according to the text. What does this imply for leadership training programs?

'Return on Character' should lead to screening out psychopaths from leadership positions. Signup and view all the answers