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Questions and Answers
What is the process of maceration primarily used for?
What temperature is maceration typically conducted at?
15°C to 20°C
Which equipment is mainly used for percolation?
What does the term 'percolation' mean?
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Maceration and percolation are the same processes.
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What is the primary purpose of infusion in extraction?
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Percolators used for extracting leaves may be ___ to ___ ft in diameter.
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What is digestion in the context of extraction methods?
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Match the following extraction methods with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Methods of Extraction
- Maceration involves soaking a comminuted drug in a menstruum (solvent) until the cell structure is softened and the soluble constituents dissolve. It is similar to steeping a tea bag in hot water.
- Percolation involves extracting a comminuted drug by slowly passing a solvent through a column of the drug. This is typically done in a specialized apparatus called a percolator
- Decoction is a method of extraction that first involves macerating the drug with cold water, then boiling the mixture for about 15 minutes. After filtration, the extracted material is obtained.
- Digestion is a form of maceration that includes continued heating during the maceration period. The temperature is usually maintained between 40°C - 60°C.
- Infusion involves placing plant material in water, boiling the mixture for 15 minutes, and then filtering to obtain the extracted material.
Percolation
- Percolators used for extraction can vary in size, shape, and material.
- Large-scale industrial extractions typically use stainless steel or glass-lined metal percolators.
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Small-scale extractions often employ glass percolators of different shapes:
- Cylindrical percolators are suitable for complete extraction with minimal solvent use.
- Roundish percolators are commonly used in labs.
- Conical or funnel shaped percolators are helpful for drugs that swell during maceration.
Maceration
- In maceration, the drug is generally placed in a tightly sealed container with the menstruum, and then agitated repeatedly over several days.
- Agitation allows the solvent to repeatedly flow over the drug particles.
Percolation Process
- The flow of the menstruum through the drug column is typically downward, driven by gravity and liquid column weight.
- Some specialized percolators employ pressure to increase the extraction speed and efficiency.
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Description
This quiz explores various methods of extraction used in pharmacognosy, including maceration, percolation, decoction, digestion, and infusion. Each method will be examined for its process and applications in extracting medicinal compounds from plant materials.
