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Questions and Answers
What is the primary consideration when selecting a solvent for extraction?
Which chromatography technique is commonly used for quick identification and purity testing?
What is the primary goal of quality control in the production of herbal drugs?
Which spectroscopy technique is used for functional group identification and fingerprinting?
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What is the purpose of authentication in quality control?
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Which extraction method is commonly used for plants with high oil content?
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What is the primary advantage of supercritical fluid extraction?
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Which chromatography technique is commonly used for quantitative analysis and purification?
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What is the purpose of stability testing in quality control?
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Which spectroscopy technique is used for molecular weight determination and fragmentation pattern analysis?
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Study Notes
Extraction Methods
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Solvent extraction: most common method, involves solvent selection based on polarity and affinity for the desired compounds
- Macération: plant material soaked in solvent for a period of time
- Percolation: solvent continuously flows through the plant material
- Decoction: plant material boiled in water or solvent
- Mechanical expression: used for plants with high oil content (e.g., citrus peel)
- Enzyme-assisted extraction: uses enzymes to break down cell walls and release compounds
- Supercritical fluid extraction: uses high pressure and temperature to extract compounds
Chromatography
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Thin-layer chromatography (TLC): used for quick identification and purity testing
- Stationary phase: silica gel or alumina
- Mobile phase: solvent mixture
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High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): used for quantitative analysis and purification
- Stationary phase: silica or non-polar material
- Mobile phase: solvent mixture with gradient elution
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Gas chromatography (GC): used for volatile compound analysis
- Stationary phase: non-polar material
- Mobile phase: carrier gas (e.g., helium or nitrogen)
Quality Control
- Authentication: verification of the plant species and identity
- Quantitation: determination of the active compound(s) content
- Purity testing: detection of contaminants and adulterants
- Stability testing: evaluation of the drug's shelf life and storage conditions
- Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP): guidelines for ensuring the quality of the final product
Spectroscopy
- Infrared (IR) spectroscopy: used for functional group identification and fingerprinting
- Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy: used for chromophore detection and quantitation
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: used for structural elucidation and identification
- Mass spectrometry (MS): used for molecular weight determination and fragmentation pattern analysis
- Hyphenated techniques: combination of chromatography and spectroscopy (e.g., LC-MS, GC-MS) for simultaneous separation and identification
Extraction Methods
- Solvent extraction is the most common method, where solvent selection is based on polarity and affinity for the desired compounds
- Macération involves soaking plant material in a solvent for a period of time
- Percolation involves continuously flowing a solvent through the plant material
- Decoction involves boiling plant material in water or solvent
Mechanical Expression
- Used for plants with high oil content, such as citrus peel
- Involves mechanically squeezing or pressing the plant material to extract the desired compounds
Enzyme-Assisted Extraction
- Uses enzymes to break down cell walls and release compounds
- Enzymes help to extract compounds from plant material
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
- Uses high pressure and temperature to extract compounds
- Involves using a solvent above its critical point to extract compounds from plant material
Chromatography
Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
- Used for quick identification and purity testing
- Stationary phase is silica gel or alumina
- Mobile phase is a solvent mixture
- Helps to identify and separate compounds based on their affinity for the stationary phase
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- Used for quantitative analysis and purification
- Stationary phase is silica or non-polar material
- Mobile phase is a solvent mixture with gradient elution
- Helps to separate and quantify compounds based on their affinity for the stationary phase
Gas Chromatography (GC)
- Used for volatile compound analysis
- Stationary phase is non-polar material
- Mobile phase is a carrier gas, such as helium or nitrogen
- Helps to separate and identify volatile compounds based on their boiling points
Quality Control
Authentication
- Verification of the plant species and identity
- Ensures that the correct plant material is used for extraction
Quantitation
- Determination of the active compound(s) content
- Helps to ensure that the extracted compounds are present in the correct amounts
Purity Testing
- Detection of contaminants and adulterants
- Ensures that the extracted compounds are free from impurities and adulterants
Stability Testing
- Evaluation of the drug's shelf life and storage conditions
- Helps to ensure that the extracted compounds remain stable and effective over time
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
- Guidelines for ensuring the quality of the final product
- Ensures that the extraction and manufacturing process meets certain standards and regulations
Spectroscopy
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
- Used for functional group identification and fingerprinting
- Helps to identify the functional groups present in a compound
Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
- Used for chromophore detection and quantitation
- Helps to detect and quantify chromophores in a compound
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
- Used for structural elucidation and identification
- Helps to determine the structure and identity of a compound
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
- Used for molecular weight determination and fragmentation pattern analysis
- Helps to determine the molecular weight and structure of a compound
Hyphenated Techniques
- Combination of chromatography and spectroscopy (e.g., LC-MS, GC-MS)
- Allows for simultaneous separation and identification of compounds
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Description
This quiz covers different methods of extraction in pharmacy, including solvent extraction, mechanical expression, and enzyme-assisted extraction.
