18 Questions
What are the ideal properties of solvents used in extraction?
Highly selective, non-reactive, low price, harmless, volatile, non-miscible with water, high capacity, different density from water, low viscosity
Explain the mechanism of extraction involving microwave-assisted extraction.
Solvent interacts with plant cells under the influence of microwave radiation to facilitate compound extraction.
What are the factors that can affect the extraction process?
Nature of drug, solvent, temperature, pH, particle size
List three advantages of ultrasound-assisted extraction.
Faster extraction, higher yield, reduced solvent consumption
What are three applications of ultrasound-assisted extraction?
Pharmaceuticals, food industry, environmental analysis
Name three common extraction solvents used in the process.
Ethanol, methanol, chloroform
What are the properties of an ideal solvent for extraction?
- Be highly selective for the compound to be extracted. 2. Have a high capacity for extraction. 3. Not react with the extracted compound or other compounds.
What are some difficulties encountered in the extraction process?
Different active constituents require advanced knowledge, insoluble matters can affect the process, and wet material can lead to microbial growth.
What are some common solvents used in extraction and their target compounds?
Petroleum ether: Fixed oils, Phytoglycerols; Benzene: Fixed oils, Phytosterols; Chloroform: Alkaloids; Acetone: Phytosterols; Ethanol: Carbohydrates, Glycosides; Water: Proteins, Amino acids, Glycosides, Gums, Carbohydrates.
What is an advantage of ultrasound-assisted extraction?
Faster extraction process compared to traditional methods.
What is a disadvantage of ultrasound-assisted extraction?
High initial setup cost of ultrasound equipment.
What are some applications of ultrasound-assisted extraction?
Used in extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
What is extraction?
Extraction is the method of removing active constituents from a solid or liquid by means of liquid solvent.
Define extracts.
Extracts are preparations of crude drugs containing all the constituents soluble in the solvent.
What is meant by 'marc' in the extraction process?
Marc is the solid residue obtained after extraction.
Explain the term 'menstruum' in extraction.
Menstruum is the solvent used for extraction.
What are the types of extracts mentioned in the text?
Dry extract (e.g., belladonna extract), Soft extract (e.g., glycerrhiza extract), Liquid extract (e.g., tincture).
How are extractive substances released from plant cells during extraction?
Extractive substances are released by the dissolution out of disintegrated cells, diffusion out of intact plant cells, penetration of solvent into the cells, and swelling of cells.
Study the detailed extraction methods based on the properties of the material to be extracted. Learn about various solvents such as petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, saponin, and water. Explore the 59 properties of an ideal solvent for extraction.
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