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Questions and Answers
What is the literal meaning of pharmacognosy derived from its Greek roots?
What is the literal meaning of pharmacognosy derived from its Greek roots?
Which of the following best describes a crude drug?
Which of the following best describes a crude drug?
Which of the following substances are classified as natural substances?
Which of the following substances are classified as natural substances?
What is extraction in pharmacognosy?
What is extraction in pharmacognosy?
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What characterizes the chief principles extracted from crude drugs?
What characterizes the chief principles extracted from crude drugs?
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In what era did pharmacognosy emerge as a defined field of study?
In what era did pharmacognosy emerge as a defined field of study?
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Which of the following aspects is NOT typically covered in the study of pharmacognosy?
Which of the following aspects is NOT typically covered in the study of pharmacognosy?
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Which of the following examples is a crude drug?
Which of the following examples is a crude drug?
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What is the role of a menstruum in the extraction process?
What is the role of a menstruum in the extraction process?
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Which term describes plants that are native to their regions?
Which term describes plants that are native to their regions?
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What does the term 'marc' refer to in the context of drug extraction?
What does the term 'marc' refer to in the context of drug extraction?
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What distinguishes synthetic camphor from natural camphor?
What distinguishes synthetic camphor from natural camphor?
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Which of the following substances is likely to be considered a natural drug?
Which of the following substances is likely to be considered a natural drug?
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What defines a semi-synthetic drug?
What defines a semi-synthetic drug?
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Which statement about derivatives or extractives is correct?
Which statement about derivatives or extractives is correct?
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What term is used for plants that have adapted and grow in regions outside their native habitats?
What term is used for plants that have adapted and grow in regions outside their native habitats?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacognosy
- Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs from plant and animal origins.
- The term pharmacognosy was coined in 1815, combining the Greek words pharmakon (drug) and gnosis (knowledge).
- Pharmacognosy encompasses the history, distribution, cultivation, collection, preparation, commerce, identification, evaluation, preservation, and use of natural drugs.
Crude Drugs
- A crude drug is a natural drug in its raw form, collected and dried without further processing.
- Examples include Digitalis leaf and Rauwolfia root.
Natural Substances
- Refers to substances found in nature, including whole plants and animals, and their parts and constituents.
Extraction
- A method to obtain the active principles of a crude drug by dissolving them in a suitable liquid.
- The product of extraction is called an extractive, usually a mixture of substances.
Derivative/ Extractive/ Chief Constituent
- Crude drugs are rarely used as therapeutic agents.
- Their active principles, known as derivatives or extractives, are often separated and used separately.
- Derivatives are mixtures of chemical constituents extracted from plants or animals, often representing the Chief Constituent of the drug.
Menstruum
- The solvent used in the extraction process to dissolve the chief principles.
Marc
- The undissolved portion of the drug remaining after extraction.
Geographic Source and Habitat
- The region where the drug-producing plant or animal grows.
Plants: Indigenous and Naturalized
- Indigenous plants grow in their native countries, like Pinus palustris in the southern United States.
- Naturalized plants grow in a foreign land or region different from their origin, like Datura stramonium introduced to the US from Europe.
Natural drug/Semi-synthetic drug/ Synthetic drug
- Some drug constituents are replaced in commerce by synthetic compounds with identical structure and therapeutic properties.
- Natural camphor, obtained from the camphor tree, is dextrorotatory, while synthetic camphor is racemic, differentiating them.
- Examples of drugs that can be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic include epinephrine, caffeine, codeine, ephedrine, menthol, penicillin.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of pharmacognosy, the study of drugs derived from plant and animal sources. This quiz covers the history, types of crude drugs, and methods of extraction, along with essential concepts in natural substances and their applications in medicine.
