83 Questions
Which nerve innervates the muscles in the anterior (flexor, supinators) compartment of the arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
Which muscle is not part of the anterior compartment of the arm?
Triceps brachii
What is the function of the biceps brachii muscle?
Flexion of the forearm and arm, and supination of forearm
Which nerve innervates all extensor-supinators (posterior) muscles in the forearm?
Radial nerve
Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the elbow in mid-pronation?
Brachioradialis
Which muscle is known as the 'beer drinking muscle'?
Brachioradialis
Which tendon retains the extensor tendons in position in the wrist?
Extensor retinaculum
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm, except for one and a half muscles?
Median nerve
Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the forearm and is located deep to the biceps brachii?
Brachialis
Which muscle is responsible for extension of the forearm and has three heads of origin?
Triceps brachii
Which muscle is responsible for supination of the forearm?
Biceps brachii
Which muscle in the posterior forearm is responsible for flexion of the elbow in mid-pronation?
Brachioradialis
Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the arm and adduction of the arm, especially in horizontal adduction?
Coracobrachialis
Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the digits (2, 3, 4, 5) and is located in the deep layer of the anterior forearm compartment?
Flexor digitorum profundus
Which nerve innervates the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm?
Radial nerve
Which muscle is responsible for extension of the thumb?
Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)
Which muscle is responsible for extension of the pinky finger?
Extensor digiti minimi (Edm)
Which muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm is responsible for flexion of the wrist on the ulnar side?
Flexor Carpi ulnaris
Which nerve innervates all muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm, except for one and a half muscles (FCU and medial half of the FDP)?
Median nerve
Which muscle in the deep layer of the anterior forearm compartment is responsible for flexion of the thumb (digit 1)?
Flexor Pollicis longus
Which muscle in the superficial layer of the extensor-supinator muscles originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
Brachioradialis
Origin and insertion of the biceps brachii
Ori: Short head: Coracoid process of scapula Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Ins: Radial tuberosity and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis
Origin and insertion of coracobrachialis
Ori: Coracoid process of scapulaIns: Middle third of the medial surface of humerus
Origin and insertion of brachialis:
Ori: Distal half of the anterior surface of humerus Ins: ulnar tuberosity, coronoid process of ulna
Origin and insertion of the tricep brachii
Ori: Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle (bottom) Lateral head: Lateral, posterior humerus (superior, lateral to radial groove)Medial head: Posterior surface of humerus (inferior, medial to radial groove)Ins: Olecranon process of ulna
What muscles do flexion of the arm and forearm?
Biceps brachii, Coracobrachialis
What muscles do supination of the forearm?
Brachioradialis (posterior forearm), Biceps brachii,
Which muscle does extension of the forearm and arm?
Triceps brachii
What is the normal range for heart rate in 95% of the healthy population?
50-95 bpm
Which pulse rhythm is considered normal?
Regular; even tempo and even intervals
What does a 3+ amplitude indicate during heart auscultation?
Full, bounding or not obliterated with pressure
What is the purpose of Castelle's sign during spleen palpation?
To detect splenomegaly
During spleen palpation, what does dullness when the patient takes a deep breath suggest?
Positive Castelle’s sign and splenomegaly
What is the normal condition of the thyroid during inspection?
No enlargement, symmetrical, moves with swallowing
What is the purpose of percussing continuously while asking the patient to take deep breaths during spleen palpation?
To detect spleen movement during inspiration
What is the heart rate range for tachycardia?
Exceeding 100bpm
What does pulse deficit indicate?
Atrial fibrillation
How is pulse equality assessed?
By comparing pulse amplitude on both sides of the body
What do heart sounds S1 and S2 provide information about?
Cardiac function
Where should blood pressure be measured?
In the left arm
What is the normal measurement for jugular venous pressure?
Less than 3cm above the sternal angle
What is the typical respiration rate range?
12-20 breaths per minute
What do different breath sounds, such as vesicular and bronchial, evaluate?
Lung function
Where is chest percussion performed?
Both on the posterior and anterior chest
What does tachypnea refer to?
Increased respiratory rate
What does lung auscultation provide information about?
Presence of consolidation, rhonchi, and pleural friction
What is Kussmaul breathing characterized by?
Deep, sighing respiratory patterns
When is Cheyne-Stokes breathing typically observed?
During sleep
What do different types of crackles indicate?
Various underlying conditions
What is the purpose of techniques like egophony and bronchophony in lung auscultation?
To distinguish normal from abnormal lung sounds
What can hyperresonance in lung percussion be caused by?
Pneumothorax
What do absent reflexes indicate?
Lower motor neuron lesions
What does the Babinski's sign indicate?
Upper motor neuron lesions
What is the purpose of dysdiadochokinesis test?
Evaluate motor coordination
What is the purpose of gait assessment in clinical examinations?
Observe balance and coordination
What are the techniques used to assess lung consolidation?
Egophony and whispered pectoriloquy
What does dullness in lung auscultation indicate?
Masses or solid tissue
What pathology findings can absent reflexes indicate?
Lower motor neuron lesions
What does pleural friction resemble in lung auscultation?
Crackling sounds
Which test is used for assessing proprioception or position sense?
The Romberg test
What is the purpose of the pronator drift test?
To assess upper motor neuron function
Which examination allows visualization of the retina, optic disc, and vasculature?
Ophthalmoscopic examination
What is the purpose of the H-test in neurological examination?
To test extraocular movements
Which gait pattern is associated with specific upper motor neuron weakness?
Hemiplegic
What does the Romberg test indicate when performed with eyes closed?
Sensory ataxia
What is observed during the Romberg test?
Patient's balance with eyes open and closed
Which test is used to assess cranial nerve function?
H-test
What is the purpose of the otoscopic examination?
Visualize the external ear canal and tympanic membrane
What does a normal otoscopic examination show?
Skin-colored canal and a light-gray or shiny pearly-white eardrum
What can be assessed using the pronator drift test?
Upper motor neuron function
What can be observed using ophthalmoscopic examination?
Retina, optic disc, and vasculature
What are the pathological findings in the eye associated with Horner's syndrome?
Cotton wool spots, emboli, and Roth spot
What does hypoactive bowel sounds indicate?
Constipation
What is McBurney’s point tenderness used for?
Suspected appendicitis
What do shifting dullness and fluid wave tests assess for?
Ascites
What can a rounded, symmetrical abdomen with bulging flanks be a sign of?
Ascites
What is the normal liver span on the midsternal line?
4-8cm
What do absent bowel sounds may indicate?
Obstruction
What does light abdominal palpation involve?
Circular motions
What is the purpose of auscultation in abdominal examination?
Assess altered bowel sounds
What do hyperactive bowel sounds suggest?
Diarrhea
What can a sharp, regular, and smooth edge of the liver indicate?
Healthy liver
What is the purpose of percussion in abdominal examination?
Assess for ascites
Study Notes
Abdominal Examination Techniques and Findings
- Horner's syndrome presents with ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis due to loss of sympathetic innervation.
- Pathological findings in the eye can include optic cupping, disc edema, AV nicking, cotton wool spots, emboli, and Roth spot.
- Pathological ear findings can include acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, cholesteatoma, and foreign body.
- Abdominal test includes auscultation, percussion, and palpation for altered bowel sounds and tenderness.
- Hypoactive bowel sounds indicate constipation, while hyperactive sounds suggest diarrhea or gastrointestinal conditions.
- Absent bowel sounds may indicate emergent conditions such as obstruction or peritonitis.
- Light abdominal palpation involves circular motions, while deep palpation assesses for tenderness, masses, or organomegaly.
- McBurney’s point tenderness is used for suspected appendicitis or inflammation in the ileocecal area.
- Shifting dullness and fluid wave tests are used to assess for ascites by changing the patient's position and feeling for impulses.
- Rounded, symmetrical abdomen with bulging flanks can be a sign of ascites, often associated with heart failure, liver disease, or malignancy.
- Liver percussion and palpation, as well as spleen percussion, are used to assess liver and spleen size and tenderness.
- Normal liver span on the midclavicular line is 6-12cm, and on the midsternal line is 4-8cm; a healthy liver has a sharp, regular, and smooth edge.
Test your knowledge of upper limb anatomy with this quiz! From the compartments of the arm to the muscles of the anterior forearm, this quiz covers it all. Perfect for students studying BMS anatomy or anyone interested in learning about the upper limb. Presented by Dr. K. Lumsden and Dr. M. Doroudi from CCNM. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your understanding of upper limb anatomy!
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