Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which nerve innervates the posterior or extensor compartment of the arm?
Which nerve innervates the posterior or extensor compartment of the arm?
- Ulnar nerve
- Radial nerve (correct)
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Median nerve
Which of the following muscles is NOT located in the anterior or flexor compartment of the arm?
Which of the following muscles is NOT located in the anterior or flexor compartment of the arm?
- Biceps brachii
- Triceps brachii (correct)
- Brachialis
- Coracobrachialis
What is the function of the medial and lateral intermuscular septae in the arm?
What is the function of the medial and lateral intermuscular septae in the arm?
- They divide the arm into anterior and posterior compartments. (correct)
- They protect the neurovascular structures of the arm.
- They facilitate the movement of the arm.
- They provide attachment points for the muscles of the arm.
Which of the following muscles is not innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve in the anterior compartment of the arm?
Which of the following muscles is not innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve in the anterior compartment of the arm?
Which of the following statements about the arm compartments is NOT correct?
Which of the following statements about the arm compartments is NOT correct?
What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii muscle?
What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii muscle?
Which nerve innervates the majority of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Which nerve innervates the majority of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Which muscle does NOT originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor tendon?
Which muscle does NOT originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor tendon?
What is the insertion of the triceps brachii muscle?
What is the insertion of the triceps brachii muscle?
What is the function of the coracobrachialis muscle?
What is the function of the coracobrachialis muscle?
Which layer of the anterior forearm muscles includes the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis?
Which layer of the anterior forearm muscles includes the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis?
Which nerve innervates the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and the medial half of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus?
Which nerve innervates the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and the medial half of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus?
What is the primary action of the muscles in the Superficial layer of the anterior forearm?
What is the primary action of the muscles in the Superficial layer of the anterior forearm?
How many layers are the muscles of the anterior forearm compartment divided into?
How many layers are the muscles of the anterior forearm compartment divided into?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the Deep layer of the anterior forearm muscles?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the Deep layer of the anterior forearm muscles?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the radial muscles of the upper limb?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the radial muscles of the upper limb?
Which of the following muscles performs elbow flexion with supination?
Which of the following muscles performs elbow flexion with supination?
What is the primary function of the extensor retinaculum in the forearm?
What is the primary function of the extensor retinaculum in the forearm?
What is the primary function of the flexor retinaculum in the wrist?
What is the primary function of the flexor retinaculum in the wrist?
What is the primary purpose of the synovial sheaths that invest the extensor tendons as they pass over the dorsum of the wrist?
What is the primary purpose of the synovial sheaths that invest the extensor tendons as they pass over the dorsum of the wrist?
Which muscle is NOT part of the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?
Which muscle is NOT part of the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?
What is the primary action of the brachioradialis muscle?
What is the primary action of the brachioradialis muscle?
Which nerve innervates ALL the extensor muscles of the posterior forearm?
Which nerve innervates ALL the extensor muscles of the posterior forearm?
Which statement about the origins of the posterior forearm muscles is TRUE?
Which statement about the origins of the posterior forearm muscles is TRUE?
If a muscle in the posterior forearm crosses the wrist, what primary action does it perform?
If a muscle in the posterior forearm crosses the wrist, what primary action does it perform?
Which muscle in the anterior forearm is responsible for pronation of the forearm?
Which muscle in the anterior forearm is responsible for pronation of the forearm?
Which muscle in the anterior forearm is known to be absent in around 12-20% of the population?
Which muscle in the anterior forearm is known to be absent in around 12-20% of the population?
Which muscle is the only one in the anterior forearm compartment innervated by the ulnar nerve?
Which muscle is the only one in the anterior forearm compartment innervated by the ulnar nerve?
Where does the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris muscle insert?
Where does the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris muscle insert?
Which muscle in the anterior forearm serves as the site for potential median nerve entrapment, leading to pronator syndrome?
Which muscle in the anterior forearm serves as the site for potential median nerve entrapment, leading to pronator syndrome?
What is the nerve supply to the Flexor Carpi Radialis muscle?
What is the nerve supply to the Flexor Carpi Radialis muscle?
Which muscle is the only muscle in the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm?
Which muscle is the only muscle in the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm?
What is the origin of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus muscle?
What is the origin of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus muscle?
Where does the Flexor Pollicis Longus muscle insert?
Where does the Flexor Pollicis Longus muscle insert?
Which muscle is described as 'One of the Carpal Tunnel muscles'?
Which muscle is described as 'One of the Carpal Tunnel muscles'?
What does the Pronator Quadratus muscle originate from?
What does the Pronator Quadratus muscle originate from?
What is the primary function of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis muscle?
What is the primary function of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis muscle?
Which muscle in the anterior forearm has dual innervation?
Which muscle in the anterior forearm has dual innervation?
Which nerve innervates the brachioradialis muscle?
Which nerve innervates the brachioradialis muscle?
What is the primary function of the brachioradialis muscle?
What is the primary function of the brachioradialis muscle?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the extensor digitorum muscle?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the extensor digitorum muscle?
What is the purpose of the dorsal digital expansions (extensor hoods) on the fingers?
What is the purpose of the dorsal digital expansions (extensor hoods) on the fingers?
Which muscle is considered part of the 'mobile wad of three' in the forearm?
Which muscle is considered part of the 'mobile wad of three' in the forearm?
Which layer of the posterior forearm compartment contains the Extensor Digitorum muscle?
Which layer of the posterior forearm compartment contains the Extensor Digitorum muscle?
What is the primary action of the Supinator muscle?
What is the primary action of the Supinator muscle?
Which of the following muscles is part of the deep layer of the posterior forearm compartment?
Which of the following muscles is part of the deep layer of the posterior forearm compartment?
If a muscle in the posterior forearm compartment crosses the digits, what primary action does it perform?
If a muscle in the posterior forearm compartment crosses the digits, what primary action does it perform?
Which of the following statements about the innervation of the posterior forearm compartment is correct?
Which of the following statements about the innervation of the posterior forearm compartment is correct?
What is the primary cause of Medial Epicondylitis (Golf Elbow)?
What is the primary cause of Medial Epicondylitis (Golf Elbow)?
What is the primary symptom of Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)?
What is the primary symptom of Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)?
If the radial nerve is injured, which terminal branch would be affected?
If the radial nerve is injured, which terminal branch would be affected?
Which muscle(s) would be affected by a radial nerve injury?
Which muscle(s) would be affected by a radial nerve injury?
What is the primary function of the flexor retinaculum in the wrist?
What is the primary function of the flexor retinaculum in the wrist?
Which muscle's tendon bounds the anatomical snuff box medially?
Which muscle's tendon bounds the anatomical snuff box medially?
Where is the anatomical snuff box located?
Where is the anatomical snuff box located?
Which muscle has its origin at the middle 1/3 of the posterior surface of ulna?
Which muscle has its origin at the middle 1/3 of the posterior surface of ulna?
Where does the Extensor Indicis muscle insert?
Where does the Extensor Indicis muscle insert?
What structures form the floor of the anatomical snuff box?
What structures form the floor of the anatomical snuff box?
What is the primary function of the triangular tendinous aponeurosis described in the text?
What is the primary function of the triangular tendinous aponeurosis described in the text?
Which muscles attach to the sides of the triangular tendinous aponeurosis mentioned in the text?
Which muscles attach to the sides of the triangular tendinous aponeurosis mentioned in the text?
Where does the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris muscle originate from?
Where does the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris muscle originate from?
What is the insertion point of the Anconeus muscle?
What is the insertion point of the Anconeus muscle?
Which nerve is associated with the Supinator muscle?
Which nerve is associated with the Supinator muscle?
Which of the following muscles is responsible for abducting the thumb?
Which of the following muscles is responsible for abducting the thumb?
Which muscle is responsible for opposing the little finger?
Which muscle is responsible for opposing the little finger?
Which of the following muscles is part of the central group of intrinsic hand muscles?
Which of the following muscles is part of the central group of intrinsic hand muscles?
Which nerve innervates the Thenar group of muscles?
Which nerve innervates the Thenar group of muscles?
What is the primary function of the Palmaris Brevis muscle?
What is the primary function of the Palmaris Brevis muscle?
Which muscle is responsible for adducting the thumb?
Which muscle is responsible for adducting the thumb?
Which nerve innervates the Hypothenar group of muscles?
Which nerve innervates the Hypothenar group of muscles?
What is the primary function of the Lumbrical muscles?
What is the primary function of the Lumbrical muscles?
What is the primary function of the Carpal Tunnel?
What is the primary function of the Carpal Tunnel?
Which of the following statements about the intrinsic muscles of the hand is CORRECT?
Which of the following statements about the intrinsic muscles of the hand is CORRECT?
What is the significance of the 90-degree medial rotation of the thumb's long axis relative to the other fingers?
What is the significance of the 90-degree medial rotation of the thumb's long axis relative to the other fingers?
Which of the following statements about the palm and dorsum of the hand is CORRECT?
Which of the following statements about the palm and dorsum of the hand is CORRECT?
What is the primary function of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) muscle?
What is the primary function of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) muscle?
Which of the following statements about the innervation of the intrinsic hand muscles is CORRECT?
Which of the following statements about the innervation of the intrinsic hand muscles is CORRECT?
What is the primary function of the Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL) muscle?
What is the primary function of the Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL) muscle?
Which of the following muscles is NOT considered part of the intrinsic hand muscles?
Which of the following muscles is NOT considered part of the intrinsic hand muscles?
What is the primary function of the lumbrical muscles?
What is the primary function of the lumbrical muscles?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the central group of intrinsic hand muscles?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the central group of intrinsic hand muscles?
Which muscle in the central group of intrinsic hand muscles inserts into the lateral side of the index finger?
Which muscle in the central group of intrinsic hand muscles inserts into the lateral side of the index finger?
What is the action of the palmar interosseous muscles?
What is the action of the palmar interosseous muscles?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the dorsal interosseous group?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the dorsal interosseous group?
Which muscle in the central group of intrinsic hand muscles inserts into the medial side of the ring finger?
Which muscle in the central group of intrinsic hand muscles inserts into the medial side of the ring finger?
What is the action of the dorsal interosseous muscles?
What is the action of the dorsal interosseous muscles?
Which muscle in the central group of intrinsic hand muscles inserts into the little finger?
Which muscle in the central group of intrinsic hand muscles inserts into the little finger?
How many lumbrical muscles are there in the hand?
How many lumbrical muscles are there in the hand?
What is the most likely site of injury to the axillary nerve?
What is the most likely site of injury to the axillary nerve?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the radial nerve?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the radial nerve?
What is the relationship between the radial nerve and the radial groove of the humerus?
What is the relationship between the radial nerve and the radial groove of the humerus?
Which of the following sensory branches arises from the radial nerve in the posterior arm?
Which of the following sensory branches arises from the radial nerve in the posterior arm?
Which of the following terminal branches of the radial nerve would be affected by an injury to the radial nerve?
Which of the following terminal branches of the radial nerve would be affected by an injury to the radial nerve?
What is the primary function of the median nerve?
What is the primary function of the median nerve?
Which of the following is a common cause of median nerve compression?
Which of the following is a common cause of median nerve compression?
What is the primary symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome as it progresses?
What is the primary symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome as it progresses?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome?
Which nerve innervates the flexor muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Which nerve innervates the flexor muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Which nerve innervates muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm and provides sensory supply to the skin of the anterolateral forearm?
Which nerve innervates muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm and provides sensory supply to the skin of the anterolateral forearm?
Injury to the Musculocutaneous nerve is most likely to occur at which site?
Injury to the Musculocutaneous nerve is most likely to occur at which site?
Which spinal nerve root is responsible for the extension of the arm at the elbow in the upper limb?
Which spinal nerve root is responsible for the extension of the arm at the elbow in the upper limb?
Which nerve primarily provides motor innervation to the Coracobrachialis muscle in the anterior arm?
Which nerve primarily provides motor innervation to the Coracobrachialis muscle in the anterior arm?
In the clinical test for the C8 dermatome, what sensation is expected on the skin?
In the clinical test for the C8 dermatome, what sensation is expected on the skin?
Which branch of the brachial plexus exits 'inferior' to the clavicle and is primarily located in the axilla?
Which branch of the brachial plexus exits 'inferior' to the clavicle and is primarily located in the axilla?
Which muscle in the upper limb is responsible for finger abduction according to the myotome information provided?
Which muscle in the upper limb is responsible for finger abduction according to the myotome information provided?
Which is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus located 'superior' to the clavicle?
Which is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus located 'superior' to the clavicle?
What is the primary muscle strength tested in the clinical evaluation of the C6 myotome in the upper limb?
What is the primary muscle strength tested in the clinical evaluation of the C6 myotome in the upper limb?
Which nerve root is associated with muscle strength testing of finger flexors in the upper limb?
Which nerve root is associated with muscle strength testing of finger flexors in the upper limb?
Which of the following nerve injuries would result in an 'ulnar claw hand' deformity?
Which of the following nerve injuries would result in an 'ulnar claw hand' deformity?
Which spinal nerve roots contribute to the formation of the ulnar nerve?
Which spinal nerve roots contribute to the formation of the ulnar nerve?
Which of the following statements about dermatomes and myotomes is correct?
Which of the following statements about dermatomes and myotomes is correct?
What is the most likely site of ulnar nerve injury?
What is the most likely site of ulnar nerve injury?
Which of the following structures does the ulnar nerve NOT innervate?
Which of the following structures does the ulnar nerve NOT innervate?
Which arteries turn around the surgical neck of the humerus to supply the muscles attached to the proximal end of the humerus?
Which arteries turn around the surgical neck of the humerus to supply the muscles attached to the proximal end of the humerus?
What is the name of the artery after it passes the inferior border of teres major or pectoralis major?
What is the name of the artery after it passes the inferior border of teres major or pectoralis major?
Which of the following is NOT a main branch of the brachial artery?
Which of the following is NOT a main branch of the brachial artery?
Where does the brachial artery end?
Where does the brachial artery end?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the ulnar artery in the forearm?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the ulnar artery in the forearm?
Which of the following statements about the ulnar artery is CORRECT?
Which of the following statements about the ulnar artery is CORRECT?
What is the second branch given off from the second part of the axillary artery?
What is the second branch given off from the second part of the axillary artery?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the third part of the axillary artery?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the third part of the axillary artery?
Which muscle does the axillary artery pass between at the start of its course?
Which muscle does the axillary artery pass between at the start of its course?
What is the primary function of the subscapular artery?
What is the primary function of the subscapular artery?
Which part of the axillary artery gives off the superior thoracic artery?
Which part of the axillary artery gives off the superior thoracic artery?
Which artery supplies the pectoral and deltoid regions?
Which artery supplies the pectoral and deltoid regions?
Which artery is the major source of blood supply for the dorsal surface of the hand?
Which artery is the major source of blood supply for the dorsal surface of the hand?
Which arterial arch is formed by the branches of the radial artery at the level of the carpal bones?
Which arterial arch is formed by the branches of the radial artery at the level of the carpal bones?
Which anatomical structure does the radial artery pass through in the distal part of the forearm?
Which anatomical structure does the radial artery pass through in the distal part of the forearm?
Which arterial arch is formed by the terminal branches of the radial and ulnar arteries?
Which arterial arch is formed by the terminal branches of the radial and ulnar arteries?
Which interosseous space does the radial artery pass through to enter the palm of the hand?
Which interosseous space does the radial artery pass through to enter the palm of the hand?
Which muscle covers the radial artery as it descends on the lateral side of the forearm?
Which muscle covers the radial artery as it descends on the lateral side of the forearm?
What structures form the walls of the axilla?
What structures form the walls of the axilla?
Which region is considered a transition area between the neck and the upper limb?
Which region is considered a transition area between the neck and the upper limb?
Which artery supplies the structures passing through the axilla?
Which artery supplies the structures passing through the axilla?
What structures pass through the axilla space?
What structures pass through the axilla space?
Which vein drains deoxygenated blood from the upper limb?
Which vein drains deoxygenated blood from the upper limb?
What structure does NOT form a wall of the axilla?
What structure does NOT form a wall of the axilla?
What is the primary function of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
What is the primary function of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
Which axis of the glenohumeral joint controls the movements of abduction and adduction?
Which axis of the glenohumeral joint controls the movements of abduction and adduction?
What is the purpose of the glenoid labrum in the glenohumeral joint?
What is the purpose of the glenoid labrum in the glenohumeral joint?
What is the primary function of the capsular ligaments of the glenohumeral joint?
What is the primary function of the capsular ligaments of the glenohumeral joint?
Where is the shoulder joint most vulnerable to dislocation?
Where is the shoulder joint most vulnerable to dislocation?
What is the primary function of the scapulothoracic joint?
What is the primary function of the scapulothoracic joint?
Which of the following is NOT a movement associated with the scapulothoracic joint?
Which of the following is NOT a movement associated with the scapulothoracic joint?
What is the approximate displacement of the inferior angle of the scapula during scapular rotation?
What is the approximate displacement of the inferior angle of the scapula during scapular rotation?
Which of the following statements about the scapulothoracic joint is CORRECT?
Which of the following statements about the scapulothoracic joint is CORRECT?
Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for upward rotation of the scapula?
Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for upward rotation of the scapula?
What is the function of the Transverse Humeral Ligament?
What is the function of the Transverse Humeral Ligament?
Where does the Coracohumeral Ligament extend from and to?
Where does the Coracohumeral Ligament extend from and to?
Which structure forms an arch that prevents superior displacement of the humerus?
Which structure forms an arch that prevents superior displacement of the humerus?
What purpose do bursae around the shoulder joint serve?
What purpose do bursae around the shoulder joint serve?
Where is the Subacromial bursa located?
Where is the Subacromial bursa located?
In the context of shoulder joint movements, why is adduction in the frontal plane starting from the position of reference considered mechanically impossible?
In the context of shoulder joint movements, why is adduction in the frontal plane starting from the position of reference considered mechanically impossible?
Why does impingement of the supraspinatus tendon occur beneath the acromial arch?
Why does impingement of the supraspinatus tendon occur beneath the acromial arch?
What is the significance of extension in relation to adduction in shoulder joint movements?
What is the significance of extension in relation to adduction in shoulder joint movements?
Why is abduction of the shoulder joint limited to reaching 180°?
Why is abduction of the shoulder joint limited to reaching 180°?
What role does the subdeltoid bursa play between the deltoid and the fibrous capsule?
What role does the subdeltoid bursa play between the deltoid and the fibrous capsule?
What is the range of motion for elevation of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint?
What is the range of motion for elevation of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint?
Which ligament anchors the lateral end of the clavicle and prevents superior dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint?
Which ligament anchors the lateral end of the clavicle and prevents superior dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint?
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
What is the range of motion for protraction and retraction of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint?
What is the range of motion for protraction and retraction of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint?
What type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
What type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
What is the normal range of active flexion at the elbow joint?
What is the normal range of active flexion at the elbow joint?
Which of the following structures forms part of the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
Which of the following structures forms part of the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
What is the primary function of the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
What is the primary function of the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
What is the range of passive flexion at the elbow joint?
What is the range of passive flexion at the elbow joint?
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Which ligaments contribute to the structural strength of the elbow joint?
Which ligaments contribute to the structural strength of the elbow joint?
Which articulation in the elbow complex involves the capitulum of the humerus?
Which articulation in the elbow complex involves the capitulum of the humerus?
Which term describes the type of movement permitted by the elbow joint?
Which term describes the type of movement permitted by the elbow joint?
What makes the elbow joint structurally strong?
What makes the elbow joint structurally strong?
What is the primary function of the collateral ligaments of the radioulnar joint?
What is the primary function of the collateral ligaments of the radioulnar joint?
What is the purpose of the midcarpal joint in the wrist articular complex?
What is the purpose of the midcarpal joint in the wrist articular complex?
What is the primary function of the intercarpal joints in the wrist articular complex?
What is the primary function of the intercarpal joints in the wrist articular complex?
What is the primary axis of movement associated with the radioulnar joint?
What is the primary axis of movement associated with the radioulnar joint?
What is the primary function of the stabilization of the elbow joint during a gripping task?
What is the primary function of the stabilization of the elbow joint during a gripping task?
Which ligaments become taut during wrist flexion?
Which ligaments become taut during wrist flexion?
What is the primary axis for abduction and adduction movements of the wrist?
What is the primary axis for abduction and adduction movements of the wrist?
Which of the following statements about the range of motion of the wrist is correct?
Which of the following statements about the range of motion of the wrist is correct?
Which ligament connects the radius to the pisiform bone?
Which ligament connects the radius to the pisiform bone?
What is the maximum range of wrist extension according to the text?
What is the maximum range of wrist extension according to the text?
What is the defining characteristic of cubitus varus deformity?
What is the defining characteristic of cubitus varus deformity?
What is the primary function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the elbow joint?
What is the primary function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the elbow joint?
Which muscle is the primary extensor of the elbow joint?
Which muscle is the primary extensor of the elbow joint?
Which of the following muscles acts exclusively as a flexor of the elbow joint?
Which of the following muscles acts exclusively as a flexor of the elbow joint?
What is the primary action of the biceps brachii muscle at the elbow joint?
What is the primary action of the biceps brachii muscle at the elbow joint?
What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
Which of the following groups of fibres connect the cerebral cortex to the lower centers of the CNS?
Which of the following groups of fibres connect the cerebral cortex to the lower centers of the CNS?
What is the role of the thalamus in sensory signal processing?
What is the role of the thalamus in sensory signal processing?
What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?
What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?
Which of the following structures is an example of the projectional fibres connecting the cerebral cortex to lower CNS centers?
Which of the following structures is an example of the projectional fibres connecting the cerebral cortex to lower CNS centers?
Where does the final analysis and interpretation of sensory signals occur?
Where does the final analysis and interpretation of sensory signals occur?
What is the function of the primary sensory areas in the cerebral cortex?
What is the function of the primary sensory areas in the cerebral cortex?
What is the primary function of the association fibres in the cerebral white matter?
What is the primary function of the association fibres in the cerebral white matter?
Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for fully interpreting tactile sensations?
Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for fully interpreting tactile sensations?
What is the main function of the association areas in the cerebral cortex?
What is the main function of the association areas in the cerebral cortex?
Where is the primary motor area located in the brain?
Where is the primary motor area located in the brain?
Which area of the brain is responsible for the perception of taste?
Which area of the brain is responsible for the perception of taste?
What is the function of the corticospinal tract?
What is the function of the corticospinal tract?
In which cortical area is the primary visual processing done?
In which cortical area is the primary visual processing done?
Where is the primary auditory area situated within the brain?
Where is the primary auditory area situated within the brain?
What is the primary function of the precentral gyrus?
What is the primary function of the precentral gyrus?
What is the consequence of an injury to the precentral gyrus?
What is the consequence of an injury to the precentral gyrus?
Which part of the precentral gyrus controls the motor signals for the leg and foot muscles?
Which part of the precentral gyrus controls the motor signals for the leg and foot muscles?
Which artery supplies the part of the precentral gyrus responsible for leg and foot motor control?
Which artery supplies the part of the precentral gyrus responsible for leg and foot motor control?
What is the consequence of an isolated cerebrovascular accident in the part of the precentral gyrus controlling leg and foot movements?
What is the consequence of an isolated cerebrovascular accident in the part of the precentral gyrus controlling leg and foot movements?
Where is the Premotor area located in the brain?
Where is the Premotor area located in the brain?
What part of the brain controls the voluntary movement of eyeballs?
What part of the brain controls the voluntary movement of eyeballs?
What does the size of body parts on the motor homunculus represent?
What does the size of body parts on the motor homunculus represent?
What is the function of the Frontal Eye Field (FEF) in the brain?
What is the function of the Frontal Eye Field (FEF) in the brain?
Which part of the brain serves as a storage space for learned movement patterns?
Which part of the brain serves as a storage space for learned movement patterns?
What is the role of the dura mater?
What is the role of the dura mater?
Which structure of the dura mater intervenes between the cerebellum and occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres?
Which structure of the dura mater intervenes between the cerebellum and occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres?
At what level does the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord end?
At what level does the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord end?
Which layer of the dura mater attaches to the inner surface of cranial cavities within the skull?
Which layer of the dura mater attaches to the inner surface of cranial cavities within the skull?
What is the function of dural reflections within the cranial cavity?
What is the function of dural reflections within the cranial cavity?
Which of the following is NOT a main dural sinus listed in the passage?
Which of the following is NOT a main dural sinus listed in the passage?
What is the primary function of the dural sinuses described in the passage?
What is the primary function of the dural sinuses described in the passage?
Which of the following statements about the transverse sinuses is INCORRECT?
Which of the following statements about the transverse sinuses is INCORRECT?
What is the purpose of the falx cerebelli described in the passage?
What is the purpose of the falx cerebelli described in the passage?
According to the passage, which of the following statements about the sigmoid sinuses is correct?
According to the passage, which of the following statements about the sigmoid sinuses is correct?
What is the name of the space between the endpoint of the spinal cord and vertebra S2 that contains the roots of the spinal nerves and CSF?
What is the name of the space between the endpoint of the spinal cord and vertebra S2 that contains the roots of the spinal nerves and CSF?
What are the arachnoid granulations (villi) that drain the CSF into the dural sinuses?
What are the arachnoid granulations (villi) that drain the CSF into the dural sinuses?
What is the primary function of the pia mater, the delicate, thin layer of connective tissue that is intimately in touch with the surface of the brain and spinal cord?
What is the primary function of the pia mater, the delicate, thin layer of connective tissue that is intimately in touch with the surface of the brain and spinal cord?
What are the denticulate ligaments that anchor the spinal cord to the deep surface of the arachnoid and dura mater?
What are the denticulate ligaments that anchor the spinal cord to the deep surface of the arachnoid and dura mater?
What is the function of the filum terminale, an extension of the pia mater arising from the conus medullaris that extends inferiorly and fuses with the arachnoid and dura mater?
What is the function of the filum terminale, an extension of the pia mater arising from the conus medullaris that extends inferiorly and fuses with the arachnoid and dura mater?
Which layer of the meninges is named for its 'web-like' appearance?
Which layer of the meninges is named for its 'web-like' appearance?
Where is the subdural space typically found?
Where is the subdural space typically found?
What structures suspend the spinal cord in the middle of its dural sheath?
What structures suspend the spinal cord in the middle of its dural sheath?
In the spinal cord axial view, what surrounds the dura mater?
In the spinal cord axial view, what surrounds the dura mater?
Which part of the neural tube develops into the cerebral ventricles?
Which part of the neural tube develops into the cerebral ventricles?
Which ventricle is connected to the central canal of the spinal cord?
Which ventricle is connected to the central canal of the spinal cord?
What is the role of the choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles?
What is the role of the choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles?
How are the lateral ventricles connected to the third ventricle?
How are the lateral ventricles connected to the third ventricle?
Which of the following statements about the fourth ventricle is correct?
Which of the following statements about the fourth ventricle is correct?
Which of the following is part of the vertebro-basilar system that supplies blood to the brain?
Which of the following is part of the vertebro-basilar system that supplies blood to the brain?
Study Notes
Arm Compartments
• The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by the medial and lateral intermuscular septae, which are extensions of deep fascia. • The anterior compartment, also known as the flexor compartment, contains three muscles (biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis) and is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. • The posterior compartment, also known as the extensor compartment, contains one muscle (triceps brachii) and is innervated by the radial nerve.
Retinacula
• The forearm (antebrachial) fascia invests the forearm muscles and thickens posteriorly to form the extensor retinaculum, which retains the extensor tendons in position. • The fascia also forms an anterior thickening, the flexor retinaculum, which converts the anterior concavity of the carpus (wrist bones) into a carpal tunnel through which the flexor tendons and median nerve pass. • The retinacula prevent bowstringing of the tendons when the hand is flexed or hyperextended at the wrist joint.
Forearm Muscles
• The forearm muscles are divided into anterior (flexor-pronator) and posterior (extensor-supinator) compartments. • All muscles of the anterior compartment are innervated by the median nerve, except for the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus, which are innervated by the ulnar nerve. • All muscles of the posterior compartment are innervated by the radial nerve.
Anterior Forearm Muscles
• The muscles of the anterior forearm are organized into three layers: superficial, intermediate, and deep. • The superficial layer contains the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles. • The intermediate layer contains the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. • The deep layer contains the flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and pronator quadratus muscles.
Posterior Forearm Muscles
• The muscles of the posterior forearm are organized into superficial and deep layers. • The superficial layer contains the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, and extensor digiti minimi muscles. • The deep layer contains the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor indicis muscles.
Clinical Correlations
• Medial epicondylitis, also known as golfer's elbow, is a condition in which the common flexor tendon becomes painful and tender, usually as a result of a specific strain, overuse, or a direct blow. • Lateral epicondylitis, also known as tennis elbow, is a condition in which the common extensor tendon becomes painful and tender, usually as a result of a specific strain, overuse, or a direct blow. • Radial nerve injury can cause damage to the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, affecting the muscles innervated by the radial nerve.### Upper Limb Nerves, Dermatomes, and Myotomes
- Dermatomes of the Upper Limb:
- C5: sensation of skin of anterior/lateral arm
- C6: sensation of anterior skin of thumb
- C7: sensation of anterior skin of digits 2 and 3
- C8: sensation of skin of digits 4 and 5
- T1: sensation of skin of antero-medial elbow
- Myotomes of the Upper Limb:
- C5: abduction of the arm at the shoulder (deltoid muscle)
- C6: flexion of the arm at the elbow (biceps)
- C7: extension of the arm at the elbow (triceps)
- C8: finger flexion (small muscles of the hand)
- T1: finger abduction (finger abductors)
Muscle Innervation
- Axillary Nerve:
- Origin: terminal branch of posterior cord
- Function: motor to lateral shoulder (deltoid and teres minor)
- Sensory: skin of lateral shoulder
- Radial Nerve:
- Origin: terminal branch of posterior cord
- Function: motor to extensor muscles of posterior arm and forearm
- Sensory: posterior arm, forearm, and hand
- Median Nerve:
- Origin: terminal branch of lateral and medial cords
- Function: motor to muscles of anterior forearm and hand
- Sensory: palmar surface of digits 1, 2, 3, and lateral 3.5 digits
- Ulnar Nerve:
- Origin: terminal branch of medial cord
- Function: motor to medial forearm and hand
- Sensory: palmar and dorsal surface of medial 1.5 digits
- Musculocutaneous Nerve:
- Origin: terminal branch of lateral cord
- Function: motor to anterior arm (coracobrachialis, biceps, and brachialis)
- Sensory: skin of anterolateral forearm
Cutaneous Supply from Brachial Plexus
- Median Nerve: palmar surface of lateral 3.5 digits
- Ulnar Nerve: palmar and dorsal surface of medial 1.5 digits
- Radial Nerve: dorsal surface of lateral 3.5 digits
Spinal Nerves
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord
- Spinal nerves are white matter pathways for motor and sensory signals between PNS and CNS
- Spinal nerves are ipsilateral and carry signals to and from targets/receptors on the same side of the body
Brachial Plexus
- Supraclavicular Branches:
- Branches that exit the brachial plexus superior to the clavicle
- Located in the cervical region
- Important branches: Long Thoracic Nerve, Suprascapular Nerve, Dorsal Scapular Nerve
- Infraclavicular Branches (Terminal Branches):
- Branches that exit the brachial plexus inferior to the clavicle
- Located in the axilla/arm pit
- Important branches: Musculocutaneous Nerve, Axillary Nerve, Radial Nerve, Median Nerve, Ulnar Nerve### Elbow Joint
- The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint with one degree of freedom.
- It consists of three bony articulations: humero-ulnar, humero-radial, and proximal radio-ulnar joints.
- The elbow joint permits flexion and extension movements.
- It is a very strong joint structurally due to the bony configuration and the collateral ligaments.
Elbow Joint Articular Surfaces & Capsule
- The distal end of the humerus has two articular surfaces: trochlea and capitulum.
- The elbow joint capsule is a single joint capsule that surrounds the three bony articulations.
Elbow Joint AROM & PROM
- The position of reference is defined as the position achieved when the axes of the arm and forearm are in a straight line.
- The range of extension is 0°, except in subjects with great laxity of the ligaments, who may have hyperextension of 5° to 10°.
- Active flexion has a range of 145°, and passive flexion has a range of 160°.
Proximal (Superior) Radio-Ulnar Joint
- This joint is a synovial pivot joint with cylindrical surfaces and one type of movement: rotation about the axis of the two cylinders in contact.
- It consists of the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna.
- The annular ligament is a strong fibrous band that stabilizes the joint.
Articular Complex of the Wrist
- The articular complex of the wrist is comprised of three components: radio-carpal joint, mid-carpal joint, and intercarpal joints.
- The radio-carpal joint is a condyloid (ellipsoid) joint with an anterior-posterior axis and a transverse axis.
- The ligaments of the radio-carpal joint are arranged in two groups: collateral ligaments and anterior and posterior ligaments.
Radiocarpal Joint AROM
- The range of abduction and adduction is minimal when the wrist is fully flexed or extended, because of the tension developed in carpal ligaments.
- The range of abduction and adduction is maximal when the hand is in the plane of reference or slightly flexed.
Muscle Actions
- Extension of the elbow depends on the triceps brachii muscle.
- Flexion of the elbow depends on the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis muscles.
- The biceps brachii muscle is also the main supinator of the forearm.
Cerebral Cortex
- The cerebral cortex is divided into primary sensory areas, primary motor area, and association areas.
- The primary sensory areas receive and interpret sensory information from the body.
- The primary motor area is responsible for controlling voluntary movements.
- The association areas integrate sensory information and motor responses.
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
- The primary sensory areas include the primary somatosensory area, primary visual area, primary auditory area, primary gustatory area, and primary olfactory area.
- The primary motor area is located in the precentral gyrus and is responsible for controlling voluntary movements.
- The association areas include the premotor area, supplementary motor area, and sensory association areas.
Meninges
- The meninges are three membranes of connective tissue that surround and protect the CNS.
- The dura mater is the outermost layer, the arachnoid mater is the middle layer, and the pia mater is the innermost layer.
- The dura mater is a thick layer of dense connective tissue that attaches to the inner surface of the neurocranium.
- The arachnoid mater is a delicate layer of connective tissue that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- The pia mater is a thin layer of connective tissue that is intimately attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebral Ventricles
- The cerebral ventricles are cavities within the brain that contain CSF.
- The cerebral ventricles develop from the embryonic neural tube.
- The caudal part of the neural tube forms the spinal cord, while the cephalic part forms the cerebral vesicles.
- The lumen of the neural tube in the brain is larger and develops into cerebral ventricles.
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Description
This quiz is based on the content covered in BMS Anatomy Lecture 7, focusing on the introduction to upper limb compartments, arm muscles, and anterior forearm muscles. The material is presented by Dr. K. Lumsden and Dr. M. Doroudi at different campuses, referencing Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 9th edition.
