Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the anatomical position?
What is the anatomical position?
- Body lying down facing the ground
- Body lying down facing the ceiling
- Body standing upright facing forward with palms turned forward (correct)
- Body sitting with legs crossed
Which subdivision of anatomy focuses on the study of structures as they relate to regions of the body?
Which subdivision of anatomy focuses on the study of structures as they relate to regions of the body?
- Gross anatomy
- Surface anatomy
- Systemic anatomy
- Regional anatomy (correct)
What is the term used for the study of the development of an organism from fertilization to birth?
What is the term used for the study of the development of an organism from fertilization to birth?
- Radiographic anatomy
- Systemic anatomy
- Developmental anatomy (Embryology) (correct)
- Gross anatomy
Which region of the body is considered one of the principal regions identified in anatomy?
Which region of the body is considered one of the principal regions identified in anatomy?
In which position is the body considered to be face down?
In which position is the body considered to be face down?
What does surface anatomy focus on?
What does surface anatomy focus on?
Which type of anatomy involves studying structures as they relate to systems like the circulatory or nervous system?
Which type of anatomy involves studying structures as they relate to systems like the circulatory or nervous system?
Which term describes moving the structure anteriorly/forward?
Which term describes moving the structure anteriorly/forward?
What term refers to bending the ankle towards the shin?
What term refers to bending the ankle towards the shin?
Which movement involves the forearm being rotated laterally (palm up)?
Which movement involves the forearm being rotated laterally (palm up)?
When the plantar surface of the foot moves laterally, it is referred to as:
When the plantar surface of the foot moves laterally, it is referred to as:
Which action involves raising the structure cephalad (superiorly)?
Which action involves raising the structure cephalad (superiorly)?
Which movement refers to moving away from the median plane?
Which movement refers to moving away from the median plane?
'Rotation' involves movement around which axis?
'Rotation' involves movement around which axis?
What is the main function of the skeletal system?
What is the main function of the skeletal system?
Which type of bone provides strength for weight-bearing?
Which type of bone provides strength for weight-bearing?
Where is fibrocartilage predominantly found in the body?
Where is fibrocartilage predominantly found in the body?
Which type of cartilage is present in joints?
Which type of cartilage is present in joints?
What is the primary function of yellow marrow in bones?
What is the primary function of yellow marrow in bones?
How many basic types of bones are there?
How many basic types of bones are there?
In the skeletal system, what is the role of cartilage?
In the skeletal system, what is the role of cartilage?
Where is a larger proportion of compact bone typically found in bones?
Where is a larger proportion of compact bone typically found in bones?
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
Where is the epiphyseal plate located in adults?
Where is the epiphyseal plate located in adults?
What is the main function of articular cartilage on bone surfaces?
What is the main function of articular cartilage on bone surfaces?
What is the role of processes in bone anatomy?
What is the role of processes in bone anatomy?
What is a characteristic of a condyle on a bone?
What is a characteristic of a condyle on a bone?
Which part of a long bone supports the head in articulation?
Which part of a long bone supports the head in articulation?
What role do depressions and openings play in bone anatomy?
What role do depressions and openings play in bone anatomy?
What is the function of trochanter in bone anatomy?
What is the function of trochanter in bone anatomy?
Which plane divides the body into right and left sides?
Which plane divides the body into right and left sides?
Which term describes a structure being closer to the midline of the body?
Which term describes a structure being closer to the midline of the body?
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
What is the term used to describe depth of a structure in relation to the surface of the body?
What is the term used to describe depth of a structure in relation to the surface of the body?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Which plane passes through the body at an angle between transverse and sagittal planes?
Which plane passes through the body at an angle between transverse and sagittal planes?
'Distal' directional term is used to describe a structure that is:
'Distal' directional term is used to describe a structure that is:
'Superior' directional term indicates a position that is:
'Superior' directional term indicates a position that is:
What is the anatomically correct term for moving a body part toward the midline of the body?
What is the anatomically correct term for moving a body part toward the midline of the body?
Which type of anatomy focuses on studying structures as they relate to radiographic images?
Which type of anatomy focuses on studying structures as they relate to radiographic images?
In which position is the body considered face up?
In which position is the body considered face up?
What is the term for a type of anatomy that focuses on studying structures related to specific regions of the body?
What is the term for a type of anatomy that focuses on studying structures related to specific regions of the body?
Which term describes the movement of a body part away from the surface of the body?
Which term describes the movement of a body part away from the surface of the body?
What anatomical term refers to the bending of the ankle towards the sole of the foot?
What anatomical term refers to the bending of the ankle towards the sole of the foot?
Which part of a long bone articulates with another bone at a joint?
Which part of a long bone articulates with another bone at a joint?
Anatomical planes that divide the body into equal left and right halves are known as:
Anatomical planes that divide the body into equal left and right halves are known as:
What term is used to describe a structure closer to the origin or trunk?
What term is used to describe a structure closer to the origin or trunk?
Which term describes a structure being closer to the back of the body?
Which term describes a structure being closer to the back of the body?
What does the term 'caudad' indicate in anatomical descriptions?
What does the term 'caudad' indicate in anatomical descriptions?
In which situation would 'bilateral' be an appropriate term to use?
In which situation would 'bilateral' be an appropriate term to use?
What term is used to describe structures that are closer to the surface of the body?
What term is used to describe structures that are closer to the surface of the body?
If a structure is on the same side of the body, what term would be used in anatomical language?
If a structure is on the same side of the body, what term would be used in anatomical language?
Which term best describes structures that are closer to the head?
Which term best describes structures that are closer to the head?
When referring to structures being further from the midline, which term would be most appropriate?
When referring to structures being further from the midline, which term would be most appropriate?
What do we call moving the structure posteriorly or backward?
What do we call moving the structure posteriorly or backward?
In which type of movement does the forearm rotate medially (palm down)?
In which type of movement does the forearm rotate medially (palm down)?
What term describes the action of bending the ankle towards the shin?
What term describes the action of bending the ankle towards the shin?
Which action involves the thumb moving medially to meet the other fingers?
Which action involves the thumb moving medially to meet the other fingers?
What is the term for raising a structure cephalad (superiorly)?
What is the term for raising a structure cephalad (superiorly)?
Which movement involves plantar surface of the foot moving laterally?
Which movement involves plantar surface of the foot moving laterally?
What do we call the combination of movements including flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction?
What do we call the combination of movements including flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction?
Which term specifically refers to moving a structure away from the median plane?
Which term specifically refers to moving a structure away from the median plane?
Where is the epiphyseal plate located in adults?
Where is the epiphyseal plate located in adults?
What does the term 'facet' refer to in bone surface markings?
What does the term 'facet' refer to in bone surface markings?
What is the role of processes in bone anatomy?
What is the role of processes in bone anatomy?
Which part of a long bone articulates with the base of an adjacent bone?
Which part of a long bone articulates with the base of an adjacent bone?
In bone anatomy, what is characteristic of a tuberosity?
In bone anatomy, what is characteristic of a tuberosity?
What is the main function of articular cartilage on bone surfaces?
What is the main function of articular cartilage on bone surfaces?
Which term describes projections or outgrowths that help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue?
Which term describes projections or outgrowths that help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue?
Which type of bone provides a larger proportion of compact bone at the ends of bones?
Which type of bone provides a larger proportion of compact bone at the ends of bones?
Where is fibrocartilage predominantly found in the body?
Where is fibrocartilage predominantly found in the body?
What is the main function of yellow marrow in bones?
What is the main function of yellow marrow in bones?
Which type of cartilage is found in joints?
Which type of cartilage is found in joints?
In bone anatomy, which type of bone provides strength for weight-bearing due to a superficial thin layer?
In bone anatomy, which type of bone provides strength for weight-bearing due to a superficial thin layer?
What is the primary role of articular cartilage on bone surfaces?
What is the primary role of articular cartilage on bone surfaces?
What type of cartilage is semi-rigid and found in areas where flexibility is required?
What type of cartilage is semi-rigid and found in areas where flexibility is required?
Where is a larger proportion of spongy (trabecular) bone typically found?
Where is a larger proportion of spongy (trabecular) bone typically found?
What is the primary function of ligaments in joints?
What is the primary function of ligaments in joints?
Which type of ligament is found within joint capsules?
Which type of ligament is found within joint capsules?
Where do joints receive their blood supply from?
Where do joints receive their blood supply from?
What is the function of articular arteries in joints?
What is the function of articular arteries in joints?
Which muscle tissue is primarily attached to bones and voluntary?
Which muscle tissue is primarily attached to bones and voluntary?
Which type of muscle tissue forms the wall of the heart and is involuntary?
Which type of muscle tissue forms the wall of the heart and is involuntary?
Which part of the body do proprioceptive receptors in joints provide awareness about?
Which part of the body do proprioceptive receptors in joints provide awareness about?
What is the role of ligaments in stabilizing joints?
What is the role of ligaments in stabilizing joints?
Which type of joint is found between the ulna and radius?
Which type of joint is found between the ulna and radius?
In bone anatomy, which type of joint is held together by fibrous connective tissue?
In bone anatomy, which type of joint is held together by fibrous connective tissue?
What type of joint is found between the bones of the skull?
What type of joint is found between the bones of the skull?
Which type of movement is produced at a syndesmosis joint?
Which type of movement is produced at a syndesmosis joint?
What type of movement occurs at a diarthrosis joint?
What type of movement occurs at a diarthrosis joint?
Where is a gomphosis joint found in the body?
Where is a gomphosis joint found in the body?
Which joint type has many structures involved in holding it together?
Which joint type has many structures involved in holding it together?
What is the classification of joints based on how much movement is produced?
What is the classification of joints based on how much movement is produced?
What is the function of tendons in the body?
What is the function of tendons in the body?
Which muscle has a saw-toothed edge according to the text?
Which muscle has a saw-toothed edge according to the text?
What is the function of motor nerves in the body?
What is the function of motor nerves in the body?
What distinguishes an aponeurosis from a tendon in terms of structure?
What distinguishes an aponeurosis from a tendon in terms of structure?
Where is deep fascia well-defined in the body?
Where is deep fascia well-defined in the body?
What is the role of superficial fascia in relation to the skin?
What is the role of superficial fascia in relation to the skin?
Which nerve receives sensory stimuli according to the text?
Which nerve receives sensory stimuli according to the text?
'Fascia' is mainly composed of which type of tissue?
'Fascia' is mainly composed of which type of tissue?
What is the main difference between smooth (visceral) muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue?
What is the main difference between smooth (visceral) muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue?
Where does a muscle attach at the point known as the origin?
Where does a muscle attach at the point known as the origin?
What unique ability do muscles have when they contract actively?
What unique ability do muscles have when they contract actively?
What determines the direction of pull of a muscle?
What determines the direction of pull of a muscle?
Which part of a long bone articulates with another bone at a joint?
Which part of a long bone articulates with another bone at a joint?
What is the function of the insertion point of a muscle?
What is the function of the insertion point of a muscle?
Why is skeletal muscle considered voluntarily controlled?
Why is skeletal muscle considered voluntarily controlled?
Where are synchondroses joints usually located?
Where are synchondroses joints usually located?
Which type of cartilage is typically found in symphysis joints?
Which type of cartilage is typically found in symphysis joints?
Which synovial joint type allows for uniaxial movement?
Which synovial joint type allows for uniaxial movement?
What is the function of intra-articular discs at synovial joints?
What is the function of intra-articular discs at synovial joints?
Where would you find menisci in the body?
Where would you find menisci in the body?
Which synovial joint type is similar to a door hinge?
Which synovial joint type is similar to a door hinge?
What is a characteristic of a plane synovial joint?
What is a characteristic of a plane synovial joint?
What is the role of extracapsular ligaments in joints?
What is the role of extracapsular ligaments in joints?
Where are proprioceptive receptors located in joints?
Where are proprioceptive receptors located in joints?
Which type of muscle tissue forms the wall of the heart?
Which type of muscle tissue forms the wall of the heart?
What is the main function of articular arteries in joints?
What is the main function of articular arteries in joints?
Which type of movement does skeletal muscle tissue primarily enable?
Which type of movement does skeletal muscle tissue primarily enable?
In which part of bones are ligaments primarily located?
In which part of bones are ligaments primarily located?
What is the primary function of intracapsular ligaments in joints?
What is the primary function of intracapsular ligaments in joints?
What type of joint allows for 3 degrees of freedom?
What type of joint allows for 3 degrees of freedom?
Which type of joint has an oval shaped projection fitting into an elliptical hole?
Which type of joint has an oval shaped projection fitting into an elliptical hole?
What type of joint allows for flexion/extension and adduction/abduction?
What type of joint allows for flexion/extension and adduction/abduction?
In which joint are the opposing surfaces reciprocally concave-convex?
In which joint are the opposing surfaces reciprocally concave-convex?
Which joint type involves a spherical surface fitting into a bowl-shaped socket?
Which joint type involves a spherical surface fitting into a bowl-shaped socket?
What is the characteristic feature of a Pivot Synovial Joint?
What is the characteristic feature of a Pivot Synovial Joint?
Which joint type allows for uni-axial movement?
Which joint type allows for uni-axial movement?
Where are synchondroses joints mainly located?
Where are synchondroses joints mainly located?
What type of cartilage joins bones in a symphysis joint?
What type of cartilage joins bones in a symphysis joint?
Which type of synovial joint allows for the widest range of motion?
Which type of synovial joint allows for the widest range of motion?
What is the main function of intra-articular discs at synovial joints?
What is the main function of intra-articular discs at synovial joints?
Which synovial joint type is characterized by having a cylindrical surface fitting into a cylindrical groove?
Which synovial joint type is characterized by having a cylindrical surface fitting into a cylindrical groove?
What additional structure is found in synovial joints to help reduce friction and provide cushioning?
What additional structure is found in synovial joints to help reduce friction and provide cushioning?
Which term describes the type of movement allowed by a planar synovial joint?
Which term describes the type of movement allowed by a planar synovial joint?
What is the main function of stabilizer muscles in the body?
What is the main function of stabilizer muscles in the body?
Which muscle principle actively produces concentric, isometric, or eccentric contractions?
Which muscle principle actively produces concentric, isometric, or eccentric contractions?
In muscle actions, which type involves the muscle shortening while contracting?
In muscle actions, which type involves the muscle shortening while contracting?
What is the main role of the antagonist muscle in the body?
What is the main role of the antagonist muscle in the body?
Which muscle type neither assists nor resists joint motion but permits motion to occur?
Which muscle type neither assists nor resists joint motion but permits motion to occur?
What is the primary function of synergist muscles in muscular actions?
What is the primary function of synergist muscles in muscular actions?
How are skeletal muscles mainly named?
How are skeletal muscles mainly named?
What is the function of an aponeurosis in the body?
What is the function of an aponeurosis in the body?
Which muscle has a saw-toothed edge?
Which muscle has a saw-toothed edge?
What is the primary function of tendon sheaths?
What is the primary function of tendon sheaths?
In bone anatomy, what is the function of fascia?
In bone anatomy, what is the function of fascia?
Where are sensory nerves primarily found?
Where are sensory nerves primarily found?
What is the main characteristic of compact bone?
What is the main characteristic of compact bone?
What do motor nerves allow the brain to stimulate?
What do motor nerves allow the brain to stimulate?
What is the primary role of deep fascia in the body?
What is the primary role of deep fascia in the body?
What is the main function of ligaments in joints?
What is the main function of ligaments in joints?
What type of joint are the intervertebral joints between vertebrae?
What type of joint are the intervertebral joints between vertebrae?
Which ligament extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae to limit backward bending?
Which ligament extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae to limit backward bending?
What is the main function of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) in the lumbosacral area?
What is the main function of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) in the lumbosacral area?
What is the total range of movement in the vertebral column when slight movement occurs in all intervertebral joints?
What is the total range of movement in the vertebral column when slight movement occurs in all intervertebral joints?
Which structure articulates with the body of the upper and lower vertebra via intervertebral disc?
Which structure articulates with the body of the upper and lower vertebra via intervertebral disc?
What is the main role of ligaments in the intervertebral joints?
What is the main role of ligaments in the intervertebral joints?
How are the articulations of vertebral bodies functionally described?
How are the articulations of vertebral bodies functionally described?
What is the primary function of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) in the vertebral canal?
What is the primary function of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) in the vertebral canal?
Which part of the intervertebral disc absorbs compression forces between the vertebrae?
Which part of the intervertebral disc absorbs compression forces between the vertebrae?
Degenerative changes in which part of the intervertebral disc can lead to herniation of the nucleus pulposus?
Degenerative changes in which part of the intervertebral disc can lead to herniation of the nucleus pulposus?
What type of joint connects the lateral end of each costal cartilage to the sternal end of the rib?
What type of joint connects the lateral end of each costal cartilage to the sternal end of the rib?
Where does a postero-lateral herniation of the intervertebral disc impinge on spinal nerves?
Where does a postero-lateral herniation of the intervertebral disc impinge on spinal nerves?
Which ligaments consist of broad and thin membranous bands that radiate from the front and back of the sternal ends of the cartilages of the true ribs?
Which ligaments consist of broad and thin membranous bands that radiate from the front and back of the sternal ends of the cartilages of the true ribs?
Which type of joint are the articular processes of each vertebra creating when they articulate with upper and lower vertebrae processes?
Which type of joint are the articular processes of each vertebra creating when they articulate with upper and lower vertebrae processes?
Which joint movement pulls the sternum in a superior direction?
Which joint movement pulls the sternum in a superior direction?
How many vertebral bodies does each rib touch in the thoracic cage?
How many vertebral bodies does each rib touch in the thoracic cage?
What is the movement facilitated by the Costotransverse joint along with Costovertebral joints to move the ribs?
What is the movement facilitated by the Costotransverse joint along with Costovertebral joints to move the ribs?
What is the articulation type between the first rib cartilage and the sternum?
What is the articulation type between the first rib cartilage and the sternum?
Which ligament connects the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra to the neck of a rib?
Which ligament connects the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra to the neck of a rib?
Which movement is possible in the sternocostal joints?
Which movement is possible in the sternocostal joints?
What is the main function of Ligamenta Flava in the vertebral column?
What is the main function of Ligamenta Flava in the vertebral column?
In which region of the spine are the articular capsules of the facet joints more extended and looser?
In which region of the spine are the articular capsules of the facet joints more extended and looser?
Which ligament extends from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra to the sacrum?
Which ligament extends from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra to the sacrum?
What is the function of Supraspinous Ligament along the spine?
What is the function of Supraspinous Ligament along the spine?
Which ligament interconnects adjacent spinous processes in the vertebral column?
Which ligament interconnects adjacent spinous processes in the vertebral column?
What is the primary function of zygapophysial (facet) joints?
What is the primary function of zygapophysial (facet) joints?
What is the role of Intertransverse Ligaments in the vertebral column?
What is the role of Intertransverse Ligaments in the vertebral column?
Which ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra?
Which ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra?
What is the name of the ligament that connects the atlas to the axis and is fixed to the posterior surface of the body of the axis?
What is the name of the ligament that connects the atlas to the axis and is fixed to the posterior surface of the body of the axis?
Where are the alar ligaments inserted?
Where are the alar ligaments inserted?
Which ligament appears to be a prolongation upward of the posterior longitudinal ligament within the vertebral canal?
Which ligament appears to be a prolongation upward of the posterior longitudinal ligament within the vertebral canal?
What type of joints articulate with the occipital bone in the atlantooccipital joint?
What type of joints articulate with the occipital bone in the atlantooccipital joint?
Where is the tectorial membrane situated in relation to the vertebral canal?
Where is the tectorial membrane situated in relation to the vertebral canal?
What connects the axis and atlas to the skull, in addition to other ligaments?
What connects the axis and atlas to the skull, in addition to other ligaments?
What structure arises on either side of the upper part of the odontoid process?
What structure arises on either side of the upper part of the odontoid process?
Where are synovial condyloid joints located in relation to the atlantooccipital joint?
Where are synovial condyloid joints located in relation to the atlantooccipital joint?
What structure binds the bodies of adjacent vertebrae together?
What structure binds the bodies of adjacent vertebrae together?
Which part of the intervertebral disc absorbs compression forces between the vertebrae?
Which part of the intervertebral disc absorbs compression forces between the vertebrae?
What can degenerative changes in the anulus fibrosus lead to?
What can degenerative changes in the anulus fibrosus lead to?
Which ligament does not significantly restrict forward bending?
Which ligament does not significantly restrict forward bending?
Where can postero-lateral herniation of the intervertebral disc impinge on spinal nerves?
Where can postero-lateral herniation of the intervertebral disc impinge on spinal nerves?
What type of joint are the articular processes of vertebrae responsible for?
What type of joint are the articular processes of vertebrae responsible for?
Which ligament covers a plexus of arteries, veins, and lymphatics within the vertebral canal?
Which ligament covers a plexus of arteries, veins, and lymphatics within the vertebral canal?
Which ligament connects the anterior part of the head of each rib with the side of the bodies of two vertebrae, and the intervertebral disc between them?
Which ligament connects the anterior part of the head of each rib with the side of the bodies of two vertebrae, and the intervertebral disc between them?
Where are Costotransverse joints formed?
Where are Costotransverse joints formed?
Which ligament passes obliquely from the tip of the transverse process to the rough nonarticular tubercle of the rib?
Which ligament passes obliquely from the tip of the transverse process to the rough nonarticular tubercle of the rib?
What is the function of the Intra-articular ligament of head of rib?
What is the function of the Intra-articular ligament of head of rib?
In Costotransverse joints, what does the superior costotransverse ligament connect to?
In Costotransverse joints, what does the superior costotransverse ligament connect to?
Which ligament attaches to the crest separating two articular facets on the head of the rib and to the intervertebral disc?
Which ligament attaches to the crest separating two articular facets on the head of the rib and to the intervertebral disc?
Where is the lateral costotransverse ligament located in relation to the rib and transverse process?
Where is the lateral costotransverse ligament located in relation to the rib and transverse process?
What divides the Costotransverse joint into two cavities?
What divides the Costotransverse joint into two cavities?
To what structures are the Alar ligaments inserted into?
To what structures are the Alar ligaments inserted into?
Where is the Tectorial membrane situated within?
Where is the Tectorial membrane situated within?
What is the alternative name for the cruciate ligament of the atlas?
What is the alternative name for the cruciate ligament of the atlas?
What does the superior band of the cruciate ligament of the atlas attach to?
What does the superior band of the cruciate ligament of the atlas attach to?
Which fiber type is prolonged upward and downward as the cruciate ligament crosses the odontoid process?
Which fiber type is prolonged upward and downward as the cruciate ligament crosses the odontoid process?
What is another term for the articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone?
What is another term for the articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone?
In addition to connecting the atlas and axis to the skull, what does the ligamentum nuchae connect?
In addition to connecting the atlas and axis to the skull, what does the ligamentum nuchae connect?
What type of joints are present in the articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone?
What type of joints are present in the articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone?
Which type of joint is formed by the bodies of vertebrae articulating via intervertebral discs?
Which type of joint is formed by the bodies of vertebrae articulating via intervertebral discs?
What is the function of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) in the vertebral column?
What is the function of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) in the vertebral column?
How are intervertebral joints primarily classified in terms of movement?
How are intervertebral joints primarily classified in terms of movement?
What is the total range of movement achieved in the vertebral column when slight degrees of movement occur in all joints?
What is the total range of movement achieved in the vertebral column when slight degrees of movement occur in all joints?
In the vertebral column, what structure connects the spinous process of one vertebra with the lamina of the vertebra directly above it?
In the vertebral column, what structure connects the spinous process of one vertebra with the lamina of the vertebra directly above it?
Which ligament extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae to support the anterior convexity in the lumbosacral area?
Which ligament extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae to support the anterior convexity in the lumbosacral area?
What type of movement is primarily facilitated by intervertebral joints?
What type of movement is primarily facilitated by intervertebral joints?
What is a characteristic feature that distinguishes articular cartilage present in intervertebral joints?
What is a characteristic feature that distinguishes articular cartilage present in intervertebral joints?
Which ligament connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and serves to preserve the upright posture?
Which ligament connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and serves to preserve the upright posture?
Which ligament represents the supraspinous ligaments of the lower vertebrae in the neck?
Which ligament represents the supraspinous ligaments of the lower vertebrae in the neck?
Which region of the vertebral column has the most prominent spinous process?
Which region of the vertebral column has the most prominent spinous process?
Which ligament is a fibrous cord connecting the apices of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum?
Which ligament is a fibrous cord connecting the apices of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum?
What is the main function of Intertransverse Ligaments in the vertebral column?
What is the main function of Intertransverse Ligaments in the vertebral column?
Which ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of C7 in the vertebral column?
Which ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of C7 in the vertebral column?
What is the primary function of Supraspinous Ligament in the vertebral column?
What is the primary function of Supraspinous Ligament in the vertebral column?
Which ligament is membranous and extends from the root to the apex of each spinous process?
Which ligament is membranous and extends from the root to the apex of each spinous process?
Which part of the vertebrae is the largest bony segment that stacks up on each other for column height and shock absorption?
Which part of the vertebrae is the largest bony segment that stacks up on each other for column height and shock absorption?
What is the function of the transverse processes in the vertebrae?
What is the function of the transverse processes in the vertebrae?
Which part of the vertebrae serves as an attachment for ribs and muscles by extending posteriorly in the sagittal plane?
Which part of the vertebrae serves as an attachment for ribs and muscles by extending posteriorly in the sagittal plane?
What is the main function of the articular processes in the vertebrae?
What is the main function of the articular processes in the vertebrae?
Between which parts of the vertebrae is the vertebral foramen located, which houses the spinal cord?
Between which parts of the vertebrae is the vertebral foramen located, which houses the spinal cord?
What is the purpose of the intervertebral foramen in the vertebrae?
What is the purpose of the intervertebral foramen in the vertebrae?
How many pairs of spinal nerves exit from the spinal cord through intervertebral foramen?
How many pairs of spinal nerves exit from the spinal cord through intervertebral foramen?
What curvature do the 7 vertebrae in the cervical region form?
What curvature do the 7 vertebrae in the cervical region form?
What is the distinctive characteristic of the Vertebra Prominens?
What is the distinctive characteristic of the Vertebra Prominens?
Which joint forms the 'medial Atlantoaxial joint'?
Which joint forms the 'medial Atlantoaxial joint'?
What is a key characteristic of typical Thoracic Vertebrae?
What is a key characteristic of typical Thoracic Vertebrae?
What contributes to the formation of the lateral Atlantoaxial joint?
What contributes to the formation of the lateral Atlantoaxial joint?
What forms the Thoracic Cage?
What forms the Thoracic Cage?
What is the function of costal facets on Thoracic Vertebrae?
What is the function of costal facets on Thoracic Vertebrae?
What defines the Vertebra Prominens in terms of palpability?
What defines the Vertebra Prominens in terms of palpability?
Which joint involves articulation between the spinous process and costovertebral joints?
Which joint involves articulation between the spinous process and costovertebral joints?
Where does the xiphoid process articulate below?
Where does the xiphoid process articulate below?
What is the joint that marks the approximate level of the 2nd pair of costal cartilages?
What is the joint that marks the approximate level of the 2nd pair of costal cartilages?
Where is the xiphi-sternal joint demarcated by a transverse ridge?
Where is the xiphi-sternal joint demarcated by a transverse ridge?
What is found at the posterior margin of the superior articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae?
What is found at the posterior margin of the superior articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae?
Which part of the lumbar vertebrae is kidney-shaped and convex anteriorly?
Which part of the lumbar vertebrae is kidney-shaped and convex anteriorly?
Which type of vertebrae have no facets for articulation with ribs?
Which type of vertebrae have no facets for articulation with ribs?
What demarcates the xiphi-sternal joint?
What demarcates the xiphi-sternal joint?
What is the function of sternal angle (Angle of Louis) as a clinical landmark?
What is the function of sternal angle (Angle of Louis) as a clinical landmark?
What is the classification of ribs based on their attachment to the sternum?
What is the classification of ribs based on their attachment to the sternum?
What is the function of the costal groove in a typical rib?
What is the function of the costal groove in a typical rib?
Where are the intercostal nerves and vessels located in relation to the thoracic cage?
Where are the intercostal nerves and vessels located in relation to the thoracic cage?
What is the function of the tubercle on a typical rib?
What is the function of the tubercle on a typical rib?
In which part of a typical rib do we find two semi-facets for articulation with vertebrae?
In which part of a typical rib do we find two semi-facets for articulation with vertebrae?
What is the main classification criterion used to categorize ribs?
What is the main classification criterion used to categorize ribs?
Which part of a typical rib forms a constricted portion between the head and tubercle?
Which part of a typical rib forms a constricted portion between the head and tubercle?
What is the function of the vertebral column in the human body?
What is the function of the vertebral column in the human body?
Which region of the vertebral column has the most vertebrae?
Which region of the vertebral column has the most vertebrae?
What is the primary curvature of the spine when a newborn baby is born?
What is the primary curvature of the spine when a newborn baby is born?
At what stage of development does lumbar lordosis typically develop in children?
At what stage of development does lumbar lordosis typically develop in children?
How many coccygeal vertebrae fuse to make the coccyx?
How many coccygeal vertebrae fuse to make the coccyx?
When do secondary lordotic curvatures develop in the human spine?
When do secondary lordotic curvatures develop in the human spine?
What separates the two kyphotic curvatures to create the alternating pattern in the lateral view of the spine?
What separates the two kyphotic curvatures to create the alternating pattern in the lateral view of the spine?
What is the main function of the vertebral foramen?
What is the main function of the vertebral foramen?
Which feature of a vertebra serves as an attachment for ribs and muscles?
Which feature of a vertebra serves as an attachment for ribs and muscles?
What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?
What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?
Which vertebral feature extends posteriorly from the vertebrae in the sagittal plane?
Which vertebral feature extends posteriorly from the vertebrae in the sagittal plane?
What is the main role of laminae in a vertebra?
What is the main role of laminae in a vertebra?
Which structure connects the body of a vertebra with the transverse processes?
Which structure connects the body of a vertebra with the transverse processes?
What is the purpose of articular processes in a vertebra?
What is the purpose of articular processes in a vertebra?
Which part of a vertebra serves as the largest bony segment for column height and shock absorption?
Which part of a vertebra serves as the largest bony segment for column height and shock absorption?
What unique feature of the atlas (C1) differentiates it from a typical cervical vertebra?
What unique feature of the atlas (C1) differentiates it from a typical cervical vertebra?
Which part of the axis (C2) serves as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas?
Which part of the axis (C2) serves as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas?
In what way do the lateral masses of the atlas differ from those of a typical cervical vertebra?
In what way do the lateral masses of the atlas differ from those of a typical cervical vertebra?
What is the function of the odontoid process on the axis in relation to the atlas?
What is the function of the odontoid process on the axis in relation to the atlas?
Which feature makes the axis unique compared to typical cervical vertebrae?
Which feature makes the axis unique compared to typical cervical vertebrae?
What additional arches are found on the atlas, contributing to its unique structure?
What additional arches are found on the atlas, contributing to its unique structure?
Which region of the vertebral column consists of 12 vertebrae?
Which region of the vertebral column consists of 12 vertebrae?
What is the primary function of the vertebral column in the human body?
What is the primary function of the vertebral column in the human body?
At what stage of life does lumbar lordosis typically develop?
At what stage of life does lumbar lordosis typically develop?
How many separate bones make up the vertebral column?
How many separate bones make up the vertebral column?
What is the term for the concave anterior curvature found in newborn spines?
What is the term for the concave anterior curvature found in newborn spines?
Which type of curvature results from the development of the spine in the first few years of life?
Which type of curvature results from the development of the spine in the first few years of life?
What structure is formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae?
What structure is formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae?
Which part of the spine contains 7 vertebrae?
Which part of the spine contains 7 vertebrae?
Which characteristic of Vertebra prominens makes it distinctive?
Which characteristic of Vertebra prominens makes it distinctive?
What forms the lateral Atlantoaxial joint?
What forms the lateral Atlantoaxial joint?
What is a distinct feature of T11 and T12 among the thoracic vertebrae?
What is a distinct feature of T11 and T12 among the thoracic vertebrae?
What components make up the T1 Thoracic cage?
What components make up the T1 Thoracic cage?
What distinguishes Vertebra prominens from other cervical vertebrae?
What distinguishes Vertebra prominens from other cervical vertebrae?
Which structure articulates with the superior articular facet of the axis?
Which structure articulates with the superior articular facet of the axis?
Where are costal facets present on typical thoracic vertebrae?
Where are costal facets present on typical thoracic vertebrae?
What forms the medial Atlantoaxial joint?
What forms the medial Atlantoaxial joint?
Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicles and the first and upper part of the second costal cartilages on each side?
Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicles and the first and upper part of the second costal cartilages on each side?
Which rib is atypical, being wider and flattened than the rest, having a tubercle for the anterior scalene muscle insertion, but lacking an angle and costal groove?
Which rib is atypical, being wider and flattened than the rest, having a tubercle for the anterior scalene muscle insertion, but lacking an angle and costal groove?
Where does the shaft of a typical rib bend sharply forward?
Where does the shaft of a typical rib bend sharply forward?
Which ribs have only a single articular facet on their head and no neck or tubercle?
Which ribs have only a single articular facet on their head and no neck or tubercle?
What characteristic feature is unique to the body of the second rib compared to typical ribs?
What characteristic feature is unique to the body of the second rib compared to typical ribs?
Which rib has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove compared to other atypical ribs?
Which rib has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove compared to other atypical ribs?
Where is the costal groove located on a typical rib?
Where is the costal groove located on a typical rib?
Which part of the first rib provides insertion for the anterior scalene muscle?
Which part of the first rib provides insertion for the anterior scalene muscle?
Which muscles move the rib superiorly during inspiration?
Which muscles move the rib superiorly during inspiration?
Which muscle moves the rib inferiorly during expiration?
Which muscle moves the rib inferiorly during expiration?
Which nerves supply the internal and external intercostal muscles?
Which nerves supply the internal and external intercostal muscles?
Which muscle is responsible for depressing the domes of the diaphragm?
Which muscle is responsible for depressing the domes of the diaphragm?
Which main foramen in the diaphragm is located at the TXII level?
Which main foramen in the diaphragm is located at the TXII level?
What is the nerve supply for the diaphragm muscle responsible for its actions?
What is the nerve supply for the diaphragm muscle responsible for its actions?
Which structure do the intercostal muscles form part of in the thoracic cage?
Which structure do the intercostal muscles form part of in the thoracic cage?
Which muscle is the major muscle of inspiration?
Which muscle is the major muscle of inspiration?
What is the arterial supply of the breast mainly done by?
What is the arterial supply of the breast mainly done by?
Which nerve innervates the nipple of the breast?
Which nerve innervates the nipple of the breast?
Where does the venous drainage of the breast mainly go into?
Where does the venous drainage of the breast mainly go into?
What is the main source of arterial supply for the thoracic wall?
What is the main source of arterial supply for the thoracic wall?
Where do the posterior intercostal veins mainly drain on the right side?
Where do the posterior intercostal veins mainly drain on the right side?
Which nerve supplies innervation to the nipple of the breast?
Which nerve supplies innervation to the nipple of the breast?
Which nerves primarily supply the intercostal muscles, skin of the chest wall, and parietal pleura?
Which nerves primarily supply the intercostal muscles, skin of the chest wall, and parietal pleura?
Which artery is a direct continuation of the internal thoracic artery and supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which artery is a direct continuation of the internal thoracic artery and supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
What vessels are responsible for the venous drainage of the abdominal wall?
What vessels are responsible for the venous drainage of the abdominal wall?
Which nerve supplies the skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the lower abdominal wall?
Which nerve supplies the skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the lower abdominal wall?
What structure is formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae?
What structure is formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae?
What is a direct branch of the external iliac artery that supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
What is a direct branch of the external iliac artery that supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which veins are involved in venous drainage parallel to specific arteries in the abdominal wall?
Which veins are involved in venous drainage parallel to specific arteries in the abdominal wall?
Which nerve supplies the skin, muscles, and parietal pleura of the chest wall?
Which nerve supplies the skin, muscles, and parietal pleura of the chest wall?
Which artery is a branch of the external iliac artery and supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which artery is a branch of the external iliac artery and supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which muscle moves the rib inferiorly during expiration?
Which muscle moves the rib inferiorly during expiration?
Which action is primarily associated with the external intercostal muscle?
Which action is primarily associated with the external intercostal muscle?
Which structure converges muscle fibers to the central tendon in the diaphragm?
Which structure converges muscle fibers to the central tendon in the diaphragm?
Which nerve supply is associated with the diaphragm muscle?
Which nerve supply is associated with the diaphragm muscle?
What is the primary action of the diaphragm muscle?
What is the primary action of the diaphragm muscle?
At which thoracic level is the aortic hiatus located on the diaphragm?
At which thoracic level is the aortic hiatus located on the diaphragm?
Which muscles are part of the three flat layers of intercostal muscles?
Which muscles are part of the three flat layers of intercostal muscles?
What is the arterial supply of the breast mainly done by?
What is the arterial supply of the breast mainly done by?
Which artery mainly drains on the right side into the azygos vein from the thoracic wall?
Which artery mainly drains on the right side into the azygos vein from the thoracic wall?
What is the innervation of the nipple in the breast?
What is the innervation of the nipple in the breast?
Where do anterior intercostal veins primarily drain into from the thoracic wall?
Where do anterior intercostal veins primarily drain into from the thoracic wall?
What percentage of lymphatic drainage from the breast goes into axillary nodes?
What percentage of lymphatic drainage from the breast goes into axillary nodes?
Which veins drain into the hemiazygos or accessory hemiazygos from the thoracic wall?
Which veins drain into the hemiazygos or accessory hemiazygos from the thoracic wall?
Which nerves provide the innervation to the breast?
Which nerves provide the innervation to the breast?
Which nerves mainly supply the intercostal muscles, skin of the chest wall, and parietal pleura?
Which nerves mainly supply the intercostal muscles, skin of the chest wall, and parietal pleura?
What is the direct continuation of the internal thoracic artery that supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
What is the direct continuation of the internal thoracic artery that supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
What structures run parallel to the superior and inferior epigastric arteries for venous drainage of the abdominal wall?
What structures run parallel to the superior and inferior epigastric arteries for venous drainage of the abdominal wall?
Which branch of the external iliac artery supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which branch of the external iliac artery supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
What is the nerve supply for the skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall?
What is the nerve supply for the skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall?
Which spinal nerve is considered as a subcostal nerve and is positioned under rib #12?
Which spinal nerve is considered as a subcostal nerve and is positioned under rib #12?
What is the primary vessel that directly continues from the internal thoracic artery?
What is the primary vessel that directly continues from the internal thoracic artery?
Which branch of the external iliac artery supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which branch of the external iliac artery supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?
What structure runs parallel to superior epigastric artery for venous drainage of abdominal wall?
What structure runs parallel to superior epigastric artery for venous drainage of abdominal wall?
What is the main function of the superficial extrinsic back muscles?
What is the main function of the superficial extrinsic back muscles?
From which cranial nerve does the trapezius receive its motor fibers?
From which cranial nerve does the trapezius receive its motor fibers?
Which group of muscles specifically act on the vertebral column?
Which group of muscles specifically act on the vertebral column?
Where do the superficial extrinsic back muscles receive their nerve supply from?
Where do the superficial extrinsic back muscles receive their nerve supply from?
Which muscle is NOT classified as a superficial extrinsic back muscle?
Which muscle is NOT classified as a superficial extrinsic back muscle?
What is the primary function of the intrinsic (deep) back muscles?
What is the primary function of the intrinsic (deep) back muscles?
Which nerve supplies motor fibers to the trapezius muscle?
Which nerve supplies motor fibers to the trapezius muscle?
What is the role of the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?
What is the role of the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?
What is the function of the Thoracolumbar Fascia?
What is the function of the Thoracolumbar Fascia?
Which muscle group lies on the lateral and posterior aspects of the neck?
Which muscle group lies on the lateral and posterior aspects of the neck?
Which group of back muscles are commonly designated as superficial respiratory muscles, but are more likely proprioceptive rather than motor in function?
Which group of back muscles are commonly designated as superficial respiratory muscles, but are more likely proprioceptive rather than motor in function?
What are the chief functions of the erector spinae muscles?
What are the chief functions of the erector spinae muscles?
Which muscle group is part of the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles composed of the muscles Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis?
Which muscle group is part of the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles composed of the muscles Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis?
Which muscle forms the lateral column of the erector spinae muscles?
Which muscle forms the lateral column of the erector spinae muscles?
Which layer of intrinsic back muscles in the spine helps maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column?
Which layer of intrinsic back muscles in the spine helps maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column?
What is the function of the longissimus muscle?
What is the function of the longissimus muscle?
Which muscle is part of the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles and belongs to the Transversospinalis Group?
Which muscle is part of the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles and belongs to the Transversospinalis Group?
Which term explains why the splenius muscles are named as such?
Which term explains why the splenius muscles are named as such?
What type of nerves innervate the intrinsic back muscles (muscles of the back proper, deep back muscles)?
What type of nerves innervate the intrinsic back muscles (muscles of the back proper, deep back muscles)?
In which region are the splenius muscles located?
In which region are the splenius muscles located?
Where does the serratus posterior superior lie in relation to other muscles in the back?
Where does the serratus posterior superior lie in relation to other muscles in the back?
Which fascia encloses the intrinsic muscles of the spine extending from the pelvis to the cranium?
Which fascia encloses the intrinsic muscles of the spine extending from the pelvis to the cranium?
Which type of contraction involves lateral flexion of the head and contralateral rotation of the head?
Which type of contraction involves lateral flexion of the head and contralateral rotation of the head?
During forced inhalation, which action is carried out by the sternum and clavicle?
During forced inhalation, which action is carried out by the sternum and clavicle?
Which nerve innervates all muscles in the deep group of anterior neck muscles?
Which nerve innervates all muscles in the deep group of anterior neck muscles?
Which muscle helps in raising the first rib during inspiration?
Which muscle helps in raising the first rib during inspiration?
Which muscle is responsible for extension of the head and upper neck?
Which muscle is responsible for extension of the head and upper neck?
Which type of contraction involves flexion of the lower neck?
Which type of contraction involves flexion of the lower neck?
Which pair of muscles are involved in contralateral rotation of the head and neck?
Which pair of muscles are involved in contralateral rotation of the head and neck?
Which deep back muscle is best developed in the lumbar region and is responsible for stabilization of the vertebral column?
Which deep back muscle is best developed in the lumbar region and is responsible for stabilization of the vertebral column?
Which deep back muscle is primarily responsible for extension of the head, cervical spine, and thoracic spine?
Which deep back muscle is primarily responsible for extension of the head, cervical spine, and thoracic spine?
Which deep back muscle assists with respiration by aiding in the elevation of ribs and lateral flexion of the column?
Which deep back muscle assists with respiration by aiding in the elevation of ribs and lateral flexion of the column?
Which group of deep back muscles are also known as the segmental muscles of the back?
Which group of deep back muscles are also known as the segmental muscles of the back?
Which deep back muscles connect spinous and transverse processes, respectively?
Which deep back muscles connect spinous and transverse processes, respectively?
Which deep back muscles are best developed in the thoracic region and provide stabilization and proprioception of the vertebral column?
Which deep back muscles are best developed in the thoracic region and provide stabilization and proprioception of the vertebral column?
Which of the following deep back muscles primarily assist in small rotatory movements in the thoracic spine?
Which of the following deep back muscles primarily assist in small rotatory movements in the thoracic spine?
Which layer of deep back muscles consists of short triangular muscular bundles that are thickest in the lumbar region?
Which layer of deep back muscles consists of short triangular muscular bundles that are thickest in the lumbar region?
Which layer of back muscles is commonly designated as superficial respiratory muscles, but are more likely proprioceptive rather than motor in function?
Which layer of back muscles is commonly designated as superficial respiratory muscles, but are more likely proprioceptive rather than motor in function?
Which deep muscle lies deep to the rhomboid muscles?
Which deep muscle lies deep to the rhomboid muscles?
Which pair of muscles are innervated by intercostal nerves running within the ribcage?
Which pair of muscles are innervated by intercostal nerves running within the ribcage?
Which group of muscles in the back maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column?
Which group of muscles in the back maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column?
Which type of muscles are the Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis?
Which type of muscles are the Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis?
Which muscle group in the back is responsible for lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the spine?
Which muscle group in the back is responsible for lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the spine?
What is the function of the thoracolumbar fascia with respect to the intrinsic back muscles?
What is the function of the thoracolumbar fascia with respect to the intrinsic back muscles?
What differentiates the intermediate intrinsic back muscles from the superficial extrinsic back muscles?
What differentiates the intermediate intrinsic back muscles from the superficial extrinsic back muscles?
Which group of back muscles specifically act on the vertebral column and maintain posture?
Which group of back muscles specifically act on the vertebral column and maintain posture?
Which nerve supplies the trapezius muscle among the following?
Which nerve supplies the trapezius muscle among the following?
What is the main function of the superficial extrinsic back muscles?
What is the main function of the superficial extrinsic back muscles?
Which group of back muscles receives its nerve supply mainly from anterior rami of cervical nerves?
Which group of back muscles receives its nerve supply mainly from anterior rami of cervical nerves?
Which muscle helps in controlling limb movements among the following?
Which muscle helps in controlling limb movements among the following?
From which region does the trapezius muscle mainly receive its motor fibers?
From which region does the trapezius muscle mainly receive its motor fibers?
What is the most significant difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic back muscles?
What is the most significant difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic back muscles?
Which muscle group lies on the lateral and posterior aspects of the neck and covers the vertical muscles somewhat like a bandage?
Which muscle group lies on the lateral and posterior aspects of the neck and covers the vertical muscles somewhat like a bandage?
Which group of back muscles acts primarily on producing limb and respiratory movements?
Which group of back muscles acts primarily on producing limb and respiratory movements?
What is the name given to the thick covering for muscles in the lumbar region made by a structure that extends laterally from the spinous processes?
What is the name given to the thick covering for muscles in the lumbar region made by a structure that extends laterally from the spinous processes?
Which muscle group is the chief extensor of the vertebral column and is divided into columns named Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis?
Which muscle group is the chief extensor of the vertebral column and is divided into columns named Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis?
Which region of the back contains the splenius muscles and forms a thin covering over intrinsic back muscles in the thoracic region?
Which region of the back contains the splenius muscles and forms a thin covering over intrinsic back muscles in the thoracic region?
What is the name given to the thick and flat muscles that cover and hold the deep neck muscles in position?
What is the name given to the thick and flat muscles that cover and hold the deep neck muscles in position?
Which column of the erector spinae muscles forms the medial column of this muscle group?
Which column of the erector spinae muscles forms the medial column of this muscle group?
Where do the splenius muscles specifically lie in relation to the neck and vertical muscles?
Where do the splenius muscles specifically lie in relation to the neck and vertical muscles?
Which muscles lie in a 'groove' on each side of the vertebral column between the spinous processes centrally and the angles of the ribs laterally?
Which muscles lie in a 'groove' on each side of the vertebral column between the spinous processes centrally and the angles of the ribs laterally?
Which group of muscles is responsible for the elevation of the sternum and clavicle during forced inhalation?
Which group of muscles is responsible for the elevation of the sternum and clavicle during forced inhalation?
Which muscle is involved in lateral flexion of the head and neck?
Which muscle is involved in lateral flexion of the head and neck?
Which nerve innervates all muscles in the deep group of the anterior neck muscles?
Which nerve innervates all muscles in the deep group of the anterior neck muscles?
Which muscle is NOT part of the deep group of anterior neck muscles?
Which muscle is NOT part of the deep group of anterior neck muscles?
Which action is carried out by bilateral contraction of neck muscles?
Which action is carried out by bilateral contraction of neck muscles?
Which muscle raises the first rib during inspiration?
Which muscle raises the first rib during inspiration?
Which muscle is innervated by C.N.XI (Spinal accessory nerve) in the anterior neck muscles?
Which muscle is innervated by C.N.XI (Spinal accessory nerve) in the anterior neck muscles?
During forced inhalation, which action is NOT carried out by the sternum and clavicle?
During forced inhalation, which action is NOT carried out by the sternum and clavicle?
Which deep back muscle is best developed in the lumbar region and is responsible for the stabilization of the vertebral column?
Which deep back muscle is best developed in the lumbar region and is responsible for the stabilization of the vertebral column?
Which deep back muscle connects the spinous processes and is responsible for extension and rotation of the spine?
Which deep back muscle connects the spinous processes and is responsible for extension and rotation of the spine?
Which deep back muscle assists in small rotatory movements in the thoracic spine?
Which deep back muscle assists in small rotatory movements in the thoracic spine?
Which deep back muscle is relatively sparse in the thoracic region and helps with respiration by aiding in the elevation of ribs and lateral flexion of the column?
Which deep back muscle is relatively sparse in the thoracic region and helps with respiration by aiding in the elevation of ribs and lateral flexion of the column?
Which deep back muscle is divided into three parts based on its superior attachments and is involved in extension of the head, cervical spine, and thoracic spine?
Which deep back muscle is divided into three parts based on its superior attachments and is involved in extension of the head, cervical spine, and thoracic spine?
Which group of deep back muscles is best developed in the lumbar region and assists in stabilizing the vertebral column?
Which group of deep back muscles is best developed in the lumbar region and assists in stabilizing the vertebral column?
Which deep back muscle is divided into semispinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, and semispinalis cervicis?
Which deep back muscle is divided into semispinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, and semispinalis cervicis?
Which deep back muscle is responsible for stabilization of the vertebral column and proprioception, mainly developed in the thoracic region?
Which deep back muscle is responsible for stabilization of the vertebral column and proprioception, mainly developed in the thoracic region?
Which minor deep back muscle connects spinous processes for extension and rotation in the back?
Which minor deep back muscle connects spinous processes for extension and rotation in the back?
In which region are the levatores costarum muscles relatively sparse?
In which region are the levatores costarum muscles relatively sparse?
Which deep back muscle assists with respiration by elevating ribs and contributes to lateral flexion of the column?
Which deep back muscle assists with respiration by elevating ribs and contributes to lateral flexion of the column?
Which deep back muscle is known as the segmental muscle of the back due to its connection between spinous and transverse processes?
Which deep back muscle is known as the segmental muscle of the back due to its connection between spinous and transverse processes?
What is the primary action of the multifidus muscle?
What is the primary action of the multifidus muscle?
'Assist with respiration in elevation of ribs and lateral flexion of column' is a primary action associated with which deep back muscle?
'Assist with respiration in elevation of ribs and lateral flexion of column' is a primary action associated with which deep back muscle?
Which bone forms the inferior aspect of the skull?
Which bone forms the inferior aspect of the skull?
Which part of the skull is known as the brain box?
Which part of the skull is known as the brain box?
Which bone is part of the facial skeleton?
Which bone is part of the facial skeleton?
Which cranial fossa houses the frontal lobes of the brain?
Which cranial fossa houses the frontal lobes of the brain?
Which facial bone contains the nasal cavity?
Which facial bone contains the nasal cavity?
Which structure connects the parietal bones at the top of the skull?
Which structure connects the parietal bones at the top of the skull?
Which bone contributes to the floor of the eye socket (orbit)?
Which bone contributes to the floor of the eye socket (orbit)?
What anatomical structure passes through the foramen ovale?
What anatomical structure passes through the foramen ovale?
Through which opening does CN II pass?
Through which opening does CN II pass?
Which structure is associated with the superior orbital fissure?
Which structure is associated with the superior orbital fissure?
What passes through the jugular foramen?
What passes through the jugular foramen?
What is the main content passing through the internal auditory meatus?
What is the main content passing through the internal auditory meatus?
Which structure is related to the hypoglossal canal?
Which structure is related to the hypoglossal canal?
What anatomical feature is closely linked to the external auditory meatus?
What anatomical feature is closely linked to the external auditory meatus?
Which bone forms the majority of the forehead and contributes to the roof of the orbit?
Which bone forms the majority of the forehead and contributes to the roof of the orbit?
What is the primary function of the sphenoid bone in the skull?
What is the primary function of the sphenoid bone in the skull?
Which bone contributes to the nasal septum and is located in the midline of the skull?
Which bone contributes to the nasal septum and is located in the midline of the skull?
What is the function of the ethmoid bone in relation to the skull?
What is the function of the ethmoid bone in relation to the skull?
Which bone is known for its butterfly shape and forms a key part of the cranial base?
Which bone is known for its butterfly shape and forms a key part of the cranial base?
In the skull, which bone articulates with all other cranial bones?
In the skull, which bone articulates with all other cranial bones?
Which facial bone directly articulates with both the frontal bone and the maxilla?
Which facial bone directly articulates with both the frontal bone and the maxilla?
Which foramen is covered by cartilage and located where the sphenoid bone meets the temporal and occipital bones?
Which foramen is covered by cartilage and located where the sphenoid bone meets the temporal and occipital bones?
Which structure passes through the optic foramen in the sphenoid bone?
Which structure passes through the optic foramen in the sphenoid bone?
Where is the jugular foramen located, passing between which two bones?
Where is the jugular foramen located, passing between which two bones?
Which foramen in the sphenoid bone sits just lateral to the foramen ovale and transmits a branch of cranial nerve V?
Which foramen in the sphenoid bone sits just lateral to the foramen ovale and transmits a branch of cranial nerve V?
What anatomical structure passes through the carotid canal located in the external aspect of the temporal bone?
What anatomical structure passes through the carotid canal located in the external aspect of the temporal bone?
Which foramen in the sphenoid bone is located between the lesser and greater wings and serves as a passageway for cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and the ophthalmic division of V?
Which foramen in the sphenoid bone is located between the lesser and greater wings and serves as a passageway for cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and the ophthalmic division of V?
Which anatomical structure passes through the internal auditory meatus located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone?
Which anatomical structure passes through the internal auditory meatus located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone?
Where is the hypoglossal canal located, allowing passage for which cranial nerve?
Where is the hypoglossal canal located, allowing passage for which cranial nerve?
Which muscle is responsible for closing the eyelids?
Which muscle is responsible for closing the eyelids?
What muscle is associated with the skin over the eyebrows?
What muscle is associated with the skin over the eyebrows?
Which muscle is responsible for elevation and retraction of the upper eyelid?
Which muscle is responsible for elevation and retraction of the upper eyelid?
What is the primary function of the muscles of the nose?
What is the primary function of the muscles of the nose?
What layer of the scalp is continuous with muscle and serves as an origin for some scalp muscles?
What layer of the scalp is continuous with muscle and serves as an origin for some scalp muscles?
Which muscle is responsible for pressing the cheeks against teeth and lips?
Which muscle is responsible for pressing the cheeks against teeth and lips?
Which scalp layer contains hair follicles, vessels, nerves, and lymph?
Which scalp layer contains hair follicles, vessels, nerves, and lymph?
What is the main function of the orbicularis oris muscle?
What is the main function of the orbicularis oris muscle?
What is the main action of the occipitalis muscle?
What is the main action of the occipitalis muscle?
Which group of muscles is responsible for retracting the lower lip?
Which group of muscles is responsible for retracting the lower lip?
In which part of the skull is the orbicularis oculi muscle located?
In which part of the skull is the orbicularis oculi muscle located?
Which muscle group radiates from the lips and angles of the mouth like spokes of a wheel?
Which muscle group radiates from the lips and angles of the mouth like spokes of a wheel?
What is the main function of the levator labii superioris muscle?
What is the main function of the levator labii superioris muscle?
Which artery supplies blood to the brain?
Which artery supplies blood to the brain?
At what level does the common carotid artery bifurcate to form the external and internal carotid arteries?
At what level does the common carotid artery bifurcate to form the external and internal carotid arteries?
Which venous system drains all of the blood from the head and neck?
Which venous system drains all of the blood from the head and neck?
Which artery supplies the anterior thoracic wall and breast tissue?
Which artery supplies the anterior thoracic wall and breast tissue?
Which artery changes its name to Axillary artery as it passes under the clavicle?
Which artery changes its name to Axillary artery as it passes under the clavicle?
What do the common carotid arteries bifurcate into at the level of C3 or C4 cervical vertebrae?
What do the common carotid arteries bifurcate into at the level of C3 or C4 cervical vertebrae?
Which vein system forms the two main veins of the neck, the internal and external jugular veins?
Which vein system forms the two main veins of the neck, the internal and external jugular veins?
What does the internal jugular vein drain in relation to the head and neck?
What does the internal jugular vein drain in relation to the head and neck?
What is the main function of the TMJ-articular disc?
What is the main function of the TMJ-articular disc?
Which ligament is primarily responsible for preventing posterior dislocation of the mandible at the TMJ?
Which ligament is primarily responsible for preventing posterior dislocation of the mandible at the TMJ?
What contributes to dislocation of the TMJ during yawning or taking a large bite?
What contributes to dislocation of the TMJ during yawning or taking a large bite?
Which extrinsic ligament extends from the spine of the sphenoid to the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible?
Which extrinsic ligament extends from the spine of the sphenoid to the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible?
What is the role of the TMJ-stylomandibular ligament in limiting movement of the mandible at the TMJ?
What is the role of the TMJ-stylomandibular ligament in limiting movement of the mandible at the TMJ?
Where does the basic movement involved in opening the mouth occur within the TMJ?
Where does the basic movement involved in opening the mouth occur within the TMJ?
Which structure separates the joint cavity into superior and inferior compartments in the TMJ?
Which structure separates the joint cavity into superior and inferior compartments in the TMJ?
What can cause dislocation of the TMJ when a sideways blow to the chin occurs?
What can cause dislocation of the TMJ when a sideways blow to the chin occurs?
Where does the temporalis muscle originate?
Where does the temporalis muscle originate?
Which nerve innervates the masseter muscle?
Which nerve innervates the masseter muscle?
What is the insertion point of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
What is the insertion point of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Which structure does not play a role in the Temporo-Mandibular Joint articulation?
Which structure does not play a role in the Temporo-Mandibular Joint articulation?
Which muscle has the main function of moving the jaw side to side?
Which muscle has the main function of moving the jaw side to side?
What is the primary innervation for the muscles of mastication?
What is the primary innervation for the muscles of mastication?
Which structure acts as a hinge in the Temporo-Mandibular Joint?
Which structure acts as a hinge in the Temporo-Mandibular Joint?
What is the primary function of the orbicularis oculi muscle?
What is the primary function of the orbicularis oculi muscle?
Which muscle connects the skin over the eyebrows to the Galea aponeurotica layer of the skull?
Which muscle connects the skin over the eyebrows to the Galea aponeurotica layer of the skull?
Which structure acts as a physical barrier from trauma and potential pathogens?
Which structure acts as a physical barrier from trauma and potential pathogens?
What is the insertion point of the Occipitalis muscle?
What is the insertion point of the Occipitalis muscle?
What is the main function of Levator palpebrae superioris muscle?
What is the main function of Levator palpebrae superioris muscle?
Which layer of the scalp is continuous with muscle?
Which layer of the scalp is continuous with muscle?
Which muscle of mastication has its origin on the zygomatic arch?
Which muscle of mastication has its origin on the zygomatic arch?
What is the innervation of the medial pterygoid muscle?
What is the innervation of the medial pterygoid muscle?
Which structure is part of the temporomandibular joint articular surfaces?
Which structure is part of the temporomandibular joint articular surfaces?
What type of synovial joint is the temporomandibular joint?
What type of synovial joint is the temporomandibular joint?
Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle insert?
Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle insert?
Which muscle is mainly responsible for moving the jaw side to side?
Which muscle is mainly responsible for moving the jaw side to side?
What is the main function of the buccinator muscle in the cheek?
What is the main function of the buccinator muscle in the cheek?
Which muscle group is responsible for depressing, retracting, and everting the lower lip?
Which muscle group is responsible for depressing, retracting, and everting the lower lip?
What is the function of the orbicularis oris muscle?
What is the function of the orbicularis oris muscle?
What does the levator labii superioris muscle primarily do?
What does the levator labii superioris muscle primarily do?
What is the primary function of the risoris muscle?
What is the primary function of the risoris muscle?
During which movement does the head of the mandible lie inferior to the articular tubercle?
During which movement does the head of the mandible lie inferior to the articular tubercle?
Which ligament extends from the spine of the sphenoid to the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible?
Which ligament extends from the spine of the sphenoid to the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible?
Which structure does not contribute significantly to the strength of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
Which structure does not contribute significantly to the strength of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
What can dislocate the TMJ on the side that received a sideways blow to the chin?
What can dislocate the TMJ on the side that received a sideways blow to the chin?
Which ligament separates the parotid gland from the submandibular gland?
Which ligament separates the parotid gland from the submandibular gland?
Which artery changes its name to Axillary artery as it passes under the clavicle?
Which artery changes its name to Axillary artery as it passes under the clavicle?
Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate to form the external and internal carotid arteries?
Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate to form the external and internal carotid arteries?
Which system forms the two main veins of the neck, the internal and external jugular veins?
Which system forms the two main veins of the neck, the internal and external jugular veins?
What structures do the internal jugular veins drain blood from?
What structures do the internal jugular veins drain blood from?
Which artery supplies oxygenated blood to the face and neck?
Which artery supplies oxygenated blood to the face and neck?
What does the Thyrocervical trunk supply in the neck region?
What does the Thyrocervical trunk supply in the neck region?
What is the function of the internal carotid artery in terms of blood supply?
What is the function of the internal carotid artery in terms of blood supply?
Which part of the skeleton consists of 80 bones and lies along the longitudinal axis of the body?
Which part of the skeleton consists of 80 bones and lies along the longitudinal axis of the body?
The upper limb bones include all of the following EXCEPT:
The upper limb bones include all of the following EXCEPT:
What is the structure that converts the carpal arch into a tunnel in the wrist known as?
What is the structure that converts the carpal arch into a tunnel in the wrist known as?
Which bone forms part of the shoulder girdle and is the only long bone positioned horizontally?
Which bone forms part of the shoulder girdle and is the only long bone positioned horizontally?
Which bone in the hand has a tubercle on its palmar surface?
Which bone in the hand has a tubercle on its palmar surface?
Which term is used to describe the 126 bones that make up the upper and lower limbs, as well as the pelvic and pectoral girdles?
Which term is used to describe the 126 bones that make up the upper and lower limbs, as well as the pelvic and pectoral girdles?
What is the main function of the pelvic girdle?
What is the main function of the pelvic girdle?
What is the name of the hook-like structure on the palmar surface of the hamate bone?
What is the name of the hook-like structure on the palmar surface of the hamate bone?
Which part of the hand consists of a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx?
Which part of the hand consists of a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx?
Which bone is NOT part of the upper limb?
Which bone is NOT part of the upper limb?
What makes up the shoulder girdle?
What makes up the shoulder girdle?
Which structure articulates with the carpals at one end and the proximal phalanges at the other end?
Which structure articulates with the carpals at one end and the proximal phalanges at the other end?
Which bone is unique as it forms part of the shoulder girdle and lies horizontally?
Which bone is unique as it forms part of the shoulder girdle and lies horizontally?
How many phalanges does the thumb typically have?
How many phalanges does the thumb typically have?
Which bone is curved laterally and has a hook-like structure on its palmar surface?
Which bone is curved laterally and has a hook-like structure on its palmar surface?
What converts the carpal arch into a tunnel by thickening on the anterior wrist?
What converts the carpal arch into a tunnel by thickening on the anterior wrist?
Which part of the humerus has the lateral capitulum for articulation with the head of the radius?
Which part of the humerus has the lateral capitulum for articulation with the head of the radius?
What lies proximal to the trochlea on the distal end of the humerus?
What lies proximal to the trochlea on the distal end of the humerus?
On which side of the forearm is the radius located?
On which side of the forearm is the radius located?
At what location does the radial tuberosity lie on the radius?
At what location does the radial tuberosity lie on the radius?
Which structure lies medial to the styloid process on the radius?
Which structure lies medial to the styloid process on the radius?
What type of surface does the carpal articular surface of the radius face?
What type of surface does the carpal articular surface of the radius face?
Where is the trochlea located on the humerus?
Where is the trochlea located on the humerus?
Which structure lies above the glenoid cavity?
Which structure lies above the glenoid cavity?
Where is the suprascapular notch located?
Where is the suprascapular notch located?
What lies proximally on the body of the humerus?
What lies proximally on the body of the humerus?
Which structure is bent at a right angle ventro-laterally and lies above the glenoid cavity?
Which structure is bent at a right angle ventro-laterally and lies above the glenoid cavity?
Where is the intertubercular sulcus located on the humerus?
Where is the intertubercular sulcus located on the humerus?
What lies behind the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?
What lies behind the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?
Where are the lateral and medial supracondylar ridges located?
Where are the lateral and medial supracondylar ridges located?
What structure divides the antero-medial and anterolateral surfaces of the humerus?
What structure divides the antero-medial and anterolateral surfaces of the humerus?
What is the bony elevation on the dorsal surface of the distal end of the ulna called?
What is the bony elevation on the dorsal surface of the distal end of the ulna called?
Which part of the ulna articulates with the humerus?
Which part of the ulna articulates with the humerus?
Where is the supinator crest located on the ulna?
Where is the supinator crest located on the ulna?
Which carpal bone is superimposed on the triquetrum in the proximal row of carpal bones?
Which carpal bone is superimposed on the triquetrum in the proximal row of carpal bones?
What is formed by the olecranon and coronoid processes of the ulna?
What is formed by the olecranon and coronoid processes of the ulna?
Which muscle has tendons running in grooves on the dorsum of the hand?
Which muscle has tendons running in grooves on the dorsum of the hand?
What structure is located inferior to the coronoid process on the ulna's lateral surface?
What structure is located inferior to the coronoid process on the ulna's lateral surface?
Which bone is located between the scaphoid and capitate in the distal row of carpal bones?
Which bone is located between the scaphoid and capitate in the distal row of carpal bones?
Which type of bone is the clavicle classified as?
Which type of bone is the clavicle classified as?
In the upper limb, which bone articulates with the carpal bones?
In the upper limb, which bone articulates with the carpal bones?
Which part of the axial skeleton includes the ear ossicles?
Which part of the axial skeleton includes the ear ossicles?
What region of the body does the appendicular skeleton primarily encompass?
What region of the body does the appendicular skeleton primarily encompass?
What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
Which term describes a bone that lies horizontally in the body?
Which term describes a bone that lies horizontally in the body?
How many bones make up the shoulder girdle in humans?
How many bones make up the shoulder girdle in humans?
In human anatomy, which part of the body does the term 'phalanges' refer to?
In human anatomy, which part of the body does the term 'phalanges' refer to?
What structure converts the carpal arch into a tunnel in the wrist?
What structure converts the carpal arch into a tunnel in the wrist?
Which metacarpal bone articulates with the proximal phalanges?
Which metacarpal bone articulates with the proximal phalanges?
How many phalanges does each digit of the hand typically consist of?
How many phalanges does each digit of the hand typically consist of?
Which bone in the hand has a hook-like structure called the hamulus?
Which bone in the hand has a hook-like structure called the hamulus?
What type of bone makes up the scaphoid?
What type of bone makes up the scaphoid?
Which carpal bone converts the carpal arch into a tunnel by its relation to flexor retinaculum?
Which carpal bone converts the carpal arch into a tunnel by its relation to flexor retinaculum?
How many tendons and a nerve pass through the carpal tunnel from the forearm to the hand?
How many tendons and a nerve pass through the carpal tunnel from the forearm to the hand?
Where is the infraglenoid tubercle located in relation to the glenoid cavity?
Where is the infraglenoid tubercle located in relation to the glenoid cavity?
Which structure lies proximally on the body of the humerus?
Which structure lies proximally on the body of the humerus?
Where is the coracoid process located in relation to the glenoid cavity?
Where is the coracoid process located in relation to the glenoid cavity?
What is the position of the supraglenoid tubercle in relation to the glenoid cavity?
What is the position of the supraglenoid tubercle in relation to the glenoid cavity?
Which structure is located lateral to the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?
Which structure is located lateral to the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?
Where is the suprascapular notch located in relation to the base of the coracoid process?
Where is the suprascapular notch located in relation to the base of the coracoid process?
Where is the intertubercular (bicipital) groove located in relation to the greater and lesser tubercles?
Where is the intertubercular (bicipital) groove located in relation to the greater and lesser tubercles?
What lies behind the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?
What lies behind the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?
What is the bony elevation on the dorsal surface of the distal end called?
What is the bony elevation on the dorsal surface of the distal end called?
Which forearm bone has the olecranon and coronoid processes for articulation with the humerus?
Which forearm bone has the olecranon and coronoid processes for articulation with the humerus?
What is the prominent ridge on the lateral surface of the ulnar shaft called?
What is the prominent ridge on the lateral surface of the ulnar shaft called?
Which carpal bone is superimposed on the triquetrum in the proximal row?
Which carpal bone is superimposed on the triquetrum in the proximal row?
Where is the interosseous membrane attached along the ulna?
Where is the interosseous membrane attached along the ulna?
What forms the walls of the trochlear notch in articulation with the humerus?
What forms the walls of the trochlear notch in articulation with the humerus?
Which structure on the distal end of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius?
Which structure on the distal end of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius?
What is the function of the radial tuberosity on the radius bone?
What is the function of the radial tuberosity on the radius bone?
Which fossa is located on the anterior surface of the distal end of the humerus, proximal to the trochlea?
Which fossa is located on the anterior surface of the distal end of the humerus, proximal to the trochlea?
What lies proximal to the capitulum on the distal end of the humerus?
What lies proximal to the capitulum on the distal end of the humerus?
Which bone in the forearm has a carpal articular surface facing distally?
Which bone in the forearm has a carpal articular surface facing distally?
What is located medial to the styloid process at the lower end of the radius?
What is located medial to the styloid process at the lower end of the radius?
Which part of the humerus is described as spool-shaped and articulates with the proximal end of the ulna?
Which part of the humerus is described as spool-shaped and articulates with the proximal end of the ulna?
Which muscle is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen and is the largest of the three flat muscles in this region?
Which muscle is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen and is the largest of the three flat muscles in this region?
What nerve innervates the Obliquus externus abdominis muscle?
What nerve innervates the Obliquus externus abdominis muscle?
Which muscle is placed immediately beneath the internal abdominal oblique muscle?
Which muscle is placed immediately beneath the internal abdominal oblique muscle?
What is the origin of the Obliquus internus abdominis muscle?
What is the origin of the Obliquus internus abdominis muscle?
Which muscle is smaller and thinner than the Obliquus externus abdominis muscle?
Which muscle is smaller and thinner than the Obliquus externus abdominis muscle?
Where is the Transversus abdominis muscle located in relation to other abdominal muscles?
Where is the Transversus abdominis muscle located in relation to other abdominal muscles?
What structures does the Obliquus externus abdominis muscle insert into?
What structures does the Obliquus externus abdominis muscle insert into?
Which nerve innervates both the Obliquus internus and Transversus abdominis muscles?
Which nerve innervates both the Obliquus internus and Transversus abdominis muscles?
Which muscle lies immediately beneath the Internal abdominal oblique muscle?
Which muscle lies immediately beneath the Internal abdominal oblique muscle?
Which fascial layer is located deep to Camper’s fascia in the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which fascial layer is located deep to Camper’s fascia in the anterolateral abdominal wall?
In the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line, which muscle's aponeurosis contributes to the anterior lamina?
In the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line, which muscle's aponeurosis contributes to the anterior lamina?
What structures meet directly at the posterior aspect of the rectus abdominis muscles below the arcuate line?
What structures meet directly at the posterior aspect of the rectus abdominis muscles below the arcuate line?
Which muscle is part of the deep layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which muscle is part of the deep layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
What forms the posterior lamina of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line?
What forms the posterior lamina of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line?
Which layer directly meets the posterior aspect of the rectus abdominis muscles inferior to the arcuate line?
Which layer directly meets the posterior aspect of the rectus abdominis muscles inferior to the arcuate line?
What layer is absent in the posterior lamina of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line?
What layer is absent in the posterior lamina of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line?
Which muscle is crossed by fibrous bands named the tendinous intersections?
Which muscle is crossed by fibrous bands named the tendinous intersections?
Where is Camper's fascia located in relation to the abdominal wall layers?
Where is Camper's fascia located in relation to the abdominal wall layers?
At what level do the aponeuroses of all 3 lateral abdominal muscles pass anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle?
At what level do the aponeuroses of all 3 lateral abdominal muscles pass anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle?
Which structure is composed of the aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles?
Which structure is composed of the aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles?
Where is Scarpa's fascia anchored laterally and medially?
Where is Scarpa's fascia anchored laterally and medially?
Where is the thinnest layer of CT located in relation to the TA muscle and extraperitoneal fat?
Where is the thinnest layer of CT located in relation to the TA muscle and extraperitoneal fat?
What is the common location for a postero-lateral herniation impinging on spinal nerves?
What is the common location for a postero-lateral herniation impinging on spinal nerves?
Which muscle is sometimes considered to be the iliopsoas due to its common distal attachment with the iliacus muscle?
Which muscle is sometimes considered to be the iliopsoas due to its common distal attachment with the iliacus muscle?
Which nerve innervates the quadratus lumborum muscle?
Which nerve innervates the quadratus lumborum muscle?
What is the origin of the iliopsoas muscle?
What is the origin of the iliopsoas muscle?
Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?
Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?
Which nerve is found within the inguinal canal in males?
Which nerve is found within the inguinal canal in males?
What is the insertion point of the psoas major muscle?
What is the insertion point of the psoas major muscle?
Where does the inguinal canal extend from and to?
Where does the inguinal canal extend from and to?
Which muscle is the most internal of the flat muscles of the abdomen?
Which muscle is the most internal of the flat muscles of the abdomen?
What is the nerve supply for the Obliquus internus abdominis muscle?
What is the nerve supply for the Obliquus internus abdominis muscle?
Which muscle is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen beneath the Obliquus externus abdominis?
Which muscle is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen beneath the Obliquus externus abdominis?
The lower three ribs are insertion points for which muscle?
The lower three ribs are insertion points for which muscle?
Which muscle is the largest and most superficial of the three flat muscles in the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen?
Which muscle is the largest and most superficial of the three flat muscles in the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen?
Which muscle is responsible for evertion of the lower lip?
Which muscle is responsible for evertion of the lower lip?
Where are the external intercostal muscles primarily located?
Where are the external intercostal muscles primarily located?
Which part of a vertebra serves as the largest bony segment for column height and shock absorption?
Which part of a vertebra serves as the largest bony segment for column height and shock absorption?
What is the origin of the Transversus abdominis muscle?
What is the origin of the Transversus abdominis muscle?
Which fascia is present inferior to the arcuate line in the abdominal wall anatomy?
Which fascia is present inferior to the arcuate line in the abdominal wall anatomy?
What layer directly meets the posterior aspect of rectus abdominis muscles below the arcuate line in the abdominal wall anatomy?
What layer directly meets the posterior aspect of rectus abdominis muscles below the arcuate line in the abdominal wall anatomy?
Which muscle is NOT part of the anterolateral abdominal wall deep layers?
Which muscle is NOT part of the anterolateral abdominal wall deep layers?
What is the composition of Camper’s Fascia in the abdominal wall anatomy?
What is the composition of Camper’s Fascia in the abdominal wall anatomy?
Inferior to the arcuate line, which structure forms the anterior lamina of the rectus sheath?
Inferior to the arcuate line, which structure forms the anterior lamina of the rectus sheath?
Which layer directly meets the posterior aspect of transversus abdominis muscle above the arcuate line in the abdominal wall anatomy?
Which layer directly meets the posterior aspect of transversus abdominis muscle above the arcuate line in the abdominal wall anatomy?
'Extraperitoneal fat' is located between which structures in the layers of the abdominal wall anatomy?
'Extraperitoneal fat' is located between which structures in the layers of the abdominal wall anatomy?
'Rectus Sheath' above the arcuate line is formed by which components in the abdominal wall anatomy?
'Rectus Sheath' above the arcuate line is formed by which components in the abdominal wall anatomy?
What is the main function of the Rectus Sheath?
What is the main function of the Rectus Sheath?
Where is Scarpa's Fascia located in relation to Camper's Fascia?
Where is Scarpa's Fascia located in relation to Camper's Fascia?
At what level is the Arcuate line located in the abdomen?
At what level is the Arcuate line located in the abdomen?
What is the primary location where all three lateral abdominal muscle aponeuroses pass anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle?
What is the primary location where all three lateral abdominal muscle aponeuroses pass anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle?
What is the composition of Campers Fascia in terms of tissue?
What is the composition of Campers Fascia in terms of tissue?
Where is the Rectus abdominis muscle separated from its fellow on the opposite side?
Where is the Rectus abdominis muscle separated from its fellow on the opposite side?
To which bones do the tendinous intersections attach in the Rectus abdominis muscle?
To which bones do the tendinous intersections attach in the Rectus abdominis muscle?
Where are fibrous bands named tendinous intersections found in relation to the Rectus abdominis muscle?
Where are fibrous bands named tendinous intersections found in relation to the Rectus abdominis muscle?
Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?
Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?
Which nerve innervates the Psoas Major muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Psoas Major muscle?
What do the Psoas Major and Iliacus muscles collectively form?
What do the Psoas Major and Iliacus muscles collectively form?
What structures are contained within the Inguinal Canal in males?
What structures are contained within the Inguinal Canal in males?
Where is the deep inguinal ring situated?
Where is the deep inguinal ring situated?
Which ligament does not insert into Rib 12?
Which ligament does not insert into Rib 12?
What is the nerve supply to the Quadratus lumborum muscle?
What is the nerve supply to the Quadratus lumborum muscle?
Which muscle is responsible for strengthening the shoulder joint capsule except inferiorly?
Which muscle is responsible for strengthening the shoulder joint capsule except inferiorly?
Where does the Teres Major muscle originate from?
Where does the Teres Major muscle originate from?
What nerve innervates the Supraspinatus muscle?
What nerve innervates the Supraspinatus muscle?
Which artery does not pass through the Axillary spaces mentioned in the text?
Which artery does not pass through the Axillary spaces mentioned in the text?
What contributes to the downward dislocations of the humerus in the shoulder joint?
What contributes to the downward dislocations of the humerus in the shoulder joint?
Which muscle serves as a common site for intramuscular injections due to its thick and well-developed deltoid muscle?
Which muscle serves as a common site for intramuscular injections due to its thick and well-developed deltoid muscle?
At which two locations does the deltoid muscle originate, contributing to its role in shoulder abduction?
At which two locations does the deltoid muscle originate, contributing to its role in shoulder abduction?
Which muscle of the rotator cuff plays a significant role in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint due to its location on the anterior surface of the scapula?
Which muscle of the rotator cuff plays a significant role in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint due to its location on the anterior surface of the scapula?
Which rotator cuff muscle has an insertion on the greater tubercle of the humerus along with the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?
Which rotator cuff muscle has an insertion on the greater tubercle of the humerus along with the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?
Which muscle of the rotator cuff is responsible for external rotation of the shoulder joint?
Which muscle of the rotator cuff is responsible for external rotation of the shoulder joint?
Which muscle of the rotator cuff is located superior to the teres major and assists in adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder?
Which muscle of the rotator cuff is located superior to the teres major and assists in adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder?
Which muscle originates from the superior lateral border of the scapula and inserts into the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Which muscle originates from the superior lateral border of the scapula and inserts into the greater tubercle of the humerus?
In which fossa does the muscle that originates from the infraspinous fossa insert into the greater tubercle of the humerus?
In which fossa does the muscle that originates from the infraspinous fossa insert into the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Which muscle is NOT part of the rotator cuff muscles as described in the text?
Which muscle is NOT part of the rotator cuff muscles as described in the text?
What nerve innervates the muscle that originates from the inferior lateral border of the scapula and inserts into the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?
What nerve innervates the muscle that originates from the inferior lateral border of the scapula and inserts into the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?
In which direction are dislocations of the humerus explained to occur most commonly based on the text information provided?
In which direction are dislocations of the humerus explained to occur most commonly based on the text information provided?
Which muscle assists in all of the following movements: extension of the head, cervical spine, and thoracic spine?
Which muscle assists in all of the following movements: extension of the head, cervical spine, and thoracic spine?
What does the lateral costotransverse ligament primarily connect?
What does the lateral costotransverse ligament primarily connect?
Which type of joint has a spherical surface articulating with a bowl-shaped socket?
Which type of joint has a spherical surface articulating with a bowl-shaped socket?
In the upper limb, which bone articulates directly with the carpal bones?
In the upper limb, which bone articulates directly with the carpal bones?
What is the main function of the TMJ-articular disc?
What is the main function of the TMJ-articular disc?
Where is Scarpa's fascia anchored, both laterally and medially?
Where is Scarpa's fascia anchored, both laterally and medially?
Which muscle is responsible for rotation of the glenoid cavity superiorly to allow complete abduction of the arm?
Which muscle is responsible for rotation of the glenoid cavity superiorly to allow complete abduction of the arm?
Which nerve innervates the Pectoralis Major muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Pectoralis Major muscle?
What is the origin of the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?
What is the origin of the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?
Which muscle contributes to the extension of the arm?
Which muscle contributes to the extension of the arm?
Which muscle helps in medial rotation of the arm?
Which muscle helps in medial rotation of the arm?
What is the insertion point of the Serratus Anterior muscle?
What is the insertion point of the Serratus Anterior muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?
Which muscle is responsible for protracting the scapula and causing upward rotation?
Which muscle is responsible for protracting the scapula and causing upward rotation?
Injury to which nerve results in the 'winged scapula' presentation?
Injury to which nerve results in the 'winged scapula' presentation?
Which muscle acts to depress the clavicle at the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints?
Which muscle acts to depress the clavicle at the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints?
Which nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
Which nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
What is the origin of the Serratus anterior muscle?
What is the origin of the Serratus anterior muscle?
Which muscle receives its motor fibers mainly from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
Which muscle receives its motor fibers mainly from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
Which nerve innervates the Pectoralis minor muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Pectoralis minor muscle?
Which part of the upper limb is innervated by the Musculocutaneous nerve?
Which part of the upper limb is innervated by the Musculocutaneous nerve?
What action does the Subclavius muscle perform at the acromioclavicular joint?
What action does the Subclavius muscle perform at the acromioclavicular joint?
Which muscle is involved in both protraction and downward rotation of the scapula?
Which muscle is involved in both protraction and downward rotation of the scapula?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the skin of the medial side of the hand?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the skin of the medial side of the hand?
What nerve innervates the Subclavius muscle?
What nerve innervates the Subclavius muscle?
Which nerve innervates the skin on the lateral aspect of the arm?
Which nerve innervates the skin on the lateral aspect of the arm?
Which structure is not a part of the brachial plexus terminal branches?
Which structure is not a part of the brachial plexus terminal branches?
Which nerve provides innervation to the deltoid muscle in the upper limb?
Which nerve provides innervation to the deltoid muscle in the upper limb?
Which cord of the brachial plexus gives rise to the Median nerve?
Which cord of the brachial plexus gives rise to the Median nerve?
Which muscle is responsible for the depression of the scapula?
Which muscle is responsible for the depression of the scapula?
What is the nerve innervation for the Middle Trapezius muscle?
What is the nerve innervation for the Middle Trapezius muscle?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for retraction (adduction) of the scapula?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for retraction (adduction) of the scapula?
What is the origin of the Levator Scapulae muscle?
What is the origin of the Levator Scapulae muscle?
Which action is carried out by the lower fibers of the Trapezius muscle?
Which action is carried out by the lower fibers of the Trapezius muscle?
What is the insertion of the Rhomboids major muscle?
What is the insertion of the Rhomboids major muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Rhomboids major muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Rhomboids major muscle?
What is the correct order of formation for the brachial plexus nerves?
What is the correct order of formation for the brachial plexus nerves?
Which division of the brachial plexus passes underneath the clavicle as it heads towards the axilla?
Which division of the brachial plexus passes underneath the clavicle as it heads towards the axilla?
Which trunk of the brachial plexus is formed by the roots C8 and T1?
Which trunk of the brachial plexus is formed by the roots C8 and T1?
From which divisions are the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus primarily derived?
From which divisions are the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus primarily derived?
Which branch forms from the posterior divisions of all three trunks in the brachial plexus?
Which branch forms from the posterior divisions of all three trunks in the brachial plexus?
What is the arrangement of terminal branches in the brachial plexus known by the mnemonic 'MARMU'?
What is the arrangement of terminal branches in the brachial plexus known by the mnemonic 'MARMU'?
Which nerve is missing from the Brachial Plexus animation video?
Which nerve is missing from the Brachial Plexus animation video?
To which region of the upper limb does the Lateral cord of the Brachial Plexus provide innervation?
To which region of the upper limb does the Lateral cord of the Brachial Plexus provide innervation?
What is the primary function of the Ulnar nerve in the upper limb?
What is the primary function of the Ulnar nerve in the upper limb?
Which nerve arises from the Posterior cord of the Brachial Plexus?
Which nerve arises from the Posterior cord of the Brachial Plexus?
What is the main function of the Serratus anterior muscle?
What is the main function of the Serratus anterior muscle?
Which muscle is innervated by the Axillary nerve according to the text?
Which muscle is innervated by the Axillary nerve according to the text?
Which nerve innervates the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Musculocutaneous nerve?
Which nerve innervates the Musculocutaneous nerve?
Which nerve innervates the rhomboids major and minor?
Which nerve innervates the rhomboids major and minor?
Which muscle assists in anterior tilt of the pelvis?
Which muscle assists in anterior tilt of the pelvis?
Which part of the upper limb does the Median nerve innervate primarily?
Which part of the upper limb does the Median nerve innervate primarily?
What is the origin of the levator scapulae muscle?
What is the origin of the levator scapulae muscle?
What is the origin of the Pectoralis Major muscle's sternocostal head?
What is the origin of the Pectoralis Major muscle's sternocostal head?
Which major nerves arise from the Medial cord of the Brachial Plexus?
Which major nerves arise from the Medial cord of the Brachial Plexus?
Which part of the clavicle is inserted by the trapezius muscle?
Which part of the clavicle is inserted by the trapezius muscle?
Which muscle is responsible for medial rotation of the arm?
Which muscle is responsible for medial rotation of the arm?
What is the action of the middle fibers of the trapezius muscle?
What is the action of the middle fibers of the trapezius muscle?
Where does the Latissimus Dorsi muscle insert?
Where does the Latissimus Dorsi muscle insert?
Where do the lower fibers of the trapezius insert?
Where do the lower fibers of the trapezius insert?
What is the function of the Thoracodorsal nerve?
What is the function of the Thoracodorsal nerve?
Which muscle(s) are involved in extension of the cervical spine?
Which muscle(s) are involved in extension of the cervical spine?
What is one action NOT carried out by the Pectoralis Major muscle?
What is one action NOT carried out by the Pectoralis Major muscle?
What is the insertion point of the rhomboids minor muscle?
What is the insertion point of the rhomboids minor muscle?
Which nerve innervates the levator scapulae muscle?
Which nerve innervates the levator scapulae muscle?
Which muscle is responsible for protraction and upward rotation of the scapula?
Which muscle is responsible for protraction and upward rotation of the scapula?
Which nerve innervates the Serratus anterior muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Serratus anterior muscle?
Which muscle is involved in the depression of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints?
Which muscle is involved in the depression of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints?
What injury produces weakness of the Serratus anterior muscle leading to a 'winged scapula'?
What injury produces weakness of the Serratus anterior muscle leading to a 'winged scapula'?
Which muscle assists in the elevation of ribs during forced inhalation when the scapula is fixed?
Which muscle assists in the elevation of ribs during forced inhalation when the scapula is fixed?
What is the origin of the Pectoralis minor muscle?
What is the origin of the Pectoralis minor muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Subclavius muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Subclavius muscle?
'Winged scapula' results from an injury to which specific nerve?
'Winged scapula' results from an injury to which specific nerve?
Which mnemonic can be used to remember the formation of the brachial plexus terminal branches?
Which mnemonic can be used to remember the formation of the brachial plexus terminal branches?
What structures combine to form the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
What structures combine to form the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
Which muscles border the axilla, containing many neurovascular structures including the brachial plexus?
Which muscles border the axilla, containing many neurovascular structures including the brachial plexus?
Which branches pass underneath the clavicle as they head towards the axilla in the brachial plexus?
Which branches pass underneath the clavicle as they head towards the axilla in the brachial plexus?
What is the arrangement of terminal branches of the brachial plexus in sequence from lateral to medial?
What is the arrangement of terminal branches of the brachial plexus in sequence from lateral to medial?
How many divisions are formed in total by the trunks of the brachial plexus?
How many divisions are formed in total by the trunks of the brachial plexus?
Study Notes
Anatomical Terminology
- Terms of relationship and comparison: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, supination, pronation, ulnar deviation, radial deviation, opposition, reposition, eversion, and inversion
- Terms of movement: include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, and movement around the long axis
- Terms of direction: superficial, intermediate, deep, medial, lateral, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, proximal, distal, external, internal, ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral, and unilateral
Introduction to Skeletal System
- Skeletal system includes both bone and cartilage
- Divided into axial skeleton (80 bones) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
- Functions: protection, support, movement, mineral deposition, blood element production, and energy storage
Bones
- Two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone
- Five basic types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones
- Parts of a typical long bone: epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, and epiphyseal plate
- Bone surface markings: depressions and openings, and processes (e.g., trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity, spinous, and crest)
Joints
- Classification of joints: based on structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial) or function (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis)
- Types of fibrous joints: suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis
- Types of cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis and symphysis
- Types of synovial joints: plane, hinge, saddle, pivot, condyloid, and ball and socket
- Synovial joint components: synovial membrane, synovial cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and accessory ligaments
Ligaments of Joints
- Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize joints
- Classified based on anatomical relationship to the joint capsule: capsular ligaments, extracapsular ligaments, and intracapsular ligaments
Vasculature and Innervation of Joints
- Joints receive blood supply from articular arteries located in the joint capsule
- Joints have a rich nerve supply, providing sensory information to the brain about proprioception and pain receptors
Muscle Tissue
- Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
- Skeletal muscle tissue is attached to bones, is voluntary, and provides movement of the body### Muscular System
- The muscular system is composed of voluntarily controlled muscles that allow bones to move or change position.
- Muscles are the motors of the skeletal system and have the unique ability to contract actively and produce tension.
- Each skeletal muscle is supplied by a motor and sensory nerve.
- Key things to know about each muscle:
- Origin: the point at which the muscle attaches to a bone or another muscle.
- Insertion: the point at which a muscle attaches to the skin, a bone, or another muscle.
- Action: the movement or function of the muscle.
- Nerve innervation: the nerve that supplies the muscle.
Types of Muscle Tissue
- There are three types of muscle tissue:
- Skeletal muscle tissue: attached to bones, voluntary, and responsible for movement and maintaining posture.
- Cardiac muscle tissue: forms the wall of the heart, involuntary, and responsible for pumping blood.
- Smooth muscle tissue: located in the walls of organs, involuntary, and responsible for movement and secretion of fluids.
Muscle Attachment Sites
- Origin: the point at which the muscle attaches to a bone or another muscle.
- Insertion: the point at which a muscle attaches to the skin, a bone, or another muscle.
- Examples of muscle attachment sites:
- Triceps brachii: 3 sites of origin.
- Quadratus femoris: square shape.
- Serratus anterior: saw-toothed edge.
Tendons and Aponeuroses
- Tendons: cords of dense connective tissue that attach muscles to bones, skin, or other muscles.
- Aponeuroses: broad, flat tendons that attach muscles to bones or other muscles.
- Tendon sheaths: tube-like structures made of connective tissue that wrap around tendons in confined spaces.
Fascia
- Superficial fascia: loose connective tissue and fat underlying the skin.
- Deep fascia: dense, irregular connective tissue that wraps around the body, well-defined in limbs.
Nerves
- A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of dendrites or axons.
- Sensory nerves: receive sensory stimuli, such as pain and touch.
- Motor nerves: allow the brain to stimulate muscle contraction.
Ligaments of Joints
- Ligaments: connective tissue structures that connect bone to bone.
- Ligaments participate in the stabilization of joints and can limit certain movements.
- Classification of ligaments based on their anatomical relationship to the joint capsule:
- Capsular ligaments: blend in with the joint capsule or thickenings of the joint capsule.
- Extracapsular ligaments: separate from the joint capsule but stabilize the joint in close proximity to the capsule.
- Intracapsular ligaments: found within joint capsules, reinforcing the connection between articulating surfaces.
Joints
- Synovial joints: contain a synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage.
- Types of synovial joints:
- Plane joint: two relatively flat surfaces articulating together, allowing gliding and sliding motions.
- Hinge joint: cylindrical surface fitting into a cylindrical groove, allowing uniaxial movement.
- Pivot joint: a projection fitting into a ring, allowing uniaxial movement.
- Condyloid joint: oval-shaped projection fitting into an elliptical hole, allowing biaxial movement.
- Saddle joint: reciprocally concave-convex surfaces, allowing biaxial movement.
- Ball-and-socket joint: spherical surface fitting into a bowl-shaped socket, allowing triaxial movement.
Muscular Actions
- Isometric: muscle contracts, producing force, but no gross movement of the muscle occurs.
- Concentric: muscle shortens while contracting, producing acceleration of body segments.
- Eccentric: muscle lengthens while contracting, decelerating body segments and providing shock absorption.
Role of Muscles in the Body
- Agonist/prime mover: the muscle that produces a joint motion or maintains a posture.
- Antagonist: the muscle that has the opposite anatomic action of the agonist.
- Synergist: the muscle that contracts at the same time as the agonist.
- Stabilizer/fixator/supporter: muscles that are active isometrically to keep a limb from moving when the agonist muscle contracts.
Intervertebral Joints
- Each vertebra articulates with the upper and lower vertebrae in two ways:
- JOINT 1: bodies of the vertebrae articulate with the body of the upper and lower vertebra via intervertebral disc.
- JOINT 2: articular processes of each vertebra articulate with the upper and lower vertebrae articular processes (synovial planar joints called zygapophysial (facet) joints).
Ligaments of Intervertebral Joints
- Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL): a broad and strong band of fibers that extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae.
- Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL): situated within the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae.
- Intervertebral disc: a fibrocartilaginous structure that intervenes between the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae and binds them together.
- Ligaments connecting the axis with the occipital bone:
- Cruciate ligament of the atlas.
- Tectorial membrane.
- Alar ligaments.
Joints of the Thoracic Cage
- Posterior joints: each rib touches 2 vertebral bodies and 1 transverse process.
- Sternocostal and costochondral joints:
- Articulations of the cartilages of the true ribs with the sternum are synovial joints.
- Ligaments connecting them:
- Anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments.
- Costochondral articulations.
- Movements:
- Slight gliding movements are permitted in the sternocostal joints.
- "Bucket handle" motion: sternocostal, costotransverse, and costovertebral joints work together to move the ribs in a superior and lateral direction.
- "Pump handle" motion: sternocostal joints alone pull the sternum in a superior direction.### Vertebral Column
- The vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae in 5 regions: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), and coccygeal (2-4)
- The primary curvature develops during the fetal period, and secondary curvatures develop in the first few years of life
- The vertebral column has four main functions: posture, support, locomotion, and protection of the spinal cord and spinal roots
Typical Vertebra
- A typical vertebra has two major parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch
- The vertebral body is the largest bony segment, and the vertebral arch is posterior to the body
- The vertebral foramen is formed by the union of the body, pedicles, lamina, and spinous process, and protects the spinal cord
- Intervertebral foramen is formed by adjacent pedicles and protects exiting spinal nerves
Cervical Vertebrae
- There are 7 cervical vertebrae, forming a lordotic curvature
- Common features of typical cervical vertebrae include:
- Small body
- Transverse foramen in transverse process
- Bifurcated spinous process
- Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) have special features that distinguish them from typical cervical vertebrae
Atlas (C1)
- No body or laminae
- No pedicles
- Anterior and posterior arches
- Lateral mass on either side with articular surfaces on superior and inferior surfaces
- Superior articular surface for occipital condyles of the skull
- Inferior articular surface for axis (C2)
Axis (C2)
- Possesses a large odontoid process (dens axis) that acts as an axis (pivot) and permits rotation of the atlas on the axis bone
- Anterior surface of dens contains an articular facet that matches up with the facet on the posterior surface of the anterior arch of C1 (atlas)
- Forms the medial Atlantoaxial joint with C1
- Lateral atlantoaxial joint is formed between the superior articular facet of the axis and the inferior articular facet on the lateral mass of the atlas
Vertebra Prominens
- 7th cervical vertebra
- Distinguished by a long and prominent spinous process that is palpable from the skin surface
Thoracic Vertebrae
- 12 thoracic vertebrae, forming a kyphotic curvature
- Characteristics:
- Costal facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs
- Costal facets on the transverse processes for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs (except for T11 and T12)
Thoracic Cage
- Components: 12 thoracic vertebrae, intervertebral discs, 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum
- Functions: attachment for upper limbs, attachments for muscles of upper limbs, neck, abdomen, back, and muscles of respiration, and protection of thoracic and abdominal organs
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This quiz covers lectures 1 to 6 (asynchronous and synchronous)
