MSK Midterm #1
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Questions and Answers

What is the anatomical position?

  • Body lying down facing the ground
  • Body lying down facing the ceiling
  • Body standing upright facing forward with palms turned forward (correct)
  • Body sitting with legs crossed

    • Which subdivision of anatomy focuses on the study of structures as they relate to regions of the body?

  • Gross anatomy
  • Surface anatomy
  • Systemic anatomy
  • Regional anatomy (correct)

    • What is the term used for the study of the development of an organism from fertilization to birth?

  • Radiographic anatomy
  • Systemic anatomy
  • Developmental anatomy (Embryology) (correct)
  • Gross anatomy

    • Which region of the body is considered one of the principal regions identified in anatomy?

    <p>Trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position is the body considered to be face down?

    <p>Prone position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does surface anatomy focus on?

    <p>Skin and superficial markings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anatomy involves studying structures as they relate to systems like the circulatory or nervous system?

    <p>Systemic anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes moving the structure anteriorly/forward?

    <p>Protraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to bending the ankle towards the shin?

    <p>Dorsiflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves the forearm being rotated laterally (palm up)?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the plantar surface of the foot moves laterally, it is referred to as:

    <p>Eversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action involves raising the structure cephalad (superiorly)?

    <p>Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement refers to moving away from the median plane?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Rotation' involves movement around which axis?

    <p>Long axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the skeletal system?

    <p>To provide protection for vital structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone provides strength for weight-bearing?

    <p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is fibrocartilage predominantly found in the body?

    <p>Discs of the spinal column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is present in joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of yellow marrow in bones?

    <p>To store energy in fat cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many basic types of bones are there?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the skeletal system, what is the role of cartilage?

    <p>To allow flexibility in areas where needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is a larger proportion of compact bone typically found in bones?

    <p>At the ends of bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sesamoid bones?

    <p>Develop in tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the epiphyseal plate located in adults?

    <p>In the region between epiphysis and diaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of articular cartilage on bone surfaces?

    <p>To provide smooth movement at joint surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of processes in bone anatomy?

    <p>Serve as attachment points for connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a condyle on a bone?

    <p>Large rounded protuberance at the end of a bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a long bone supports the head in articulation?

    <p>Neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do depressions and openings play in bone anatomy?

    <p>Participate in forming joints or soft tissue passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of trochanter in bone anatomy?

    <p>Serve as attachment points for connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into right and left sides?

    <p>Midsagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a structure being closer to the midline of the body?

    <p>Medial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

    <p>Transverse plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe depth of a structure in relation to the surface of the body?

    <p>Superficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

    <p>Frontal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane passes through the body at an angle between transverse and sagittal planes?

    <p>Oblique plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Distal' directional term is used to describe a structure that is:

    <p>Farther from the point of attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Superior' directional term indicates a position that is:

    <p>Closer to the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomically correct term for moving a body part toward the midline of the body?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anatomy focuses on studying structures as they relate to radiographic images?

    <p>Radiographic anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position is the body considered face up?

    <p>Supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of anatomy that focuses on studying structures related to specific regions of the body?

    <p>Regional anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the movement of a body part away from the surface of the body?

    <p>Deep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical term refers to the bending of the ankle towards the sole of the foot?

    <p>Plantarflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a long bone articulates with another bone at a joint?

    <p>Epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anatomical planes that divide the body into equal left and right halves are known as:

    <p>'Midsagittal planes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a structure closer to the origin or trunk?

    <p>Proximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a structure being closer to the back of the body?

    <p>Posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'caudad' indicate in anatomical descriptions?

    <p>Further from the head towards the feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would 'bilateral' be an appropriate term to use?

    <p>Referring to both lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe structures that are closer to the surface of the body?

    <p>Superficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a structure is on the same side of the body, what term would be used in anatomical language?

    <p>Ipsilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes structures that are closer to the head?

    <p>Superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When referring to structures being further from the midline, which term would be most appropriate?

    <p>Lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call moving the structure posteriorly or backward?

    <p>Retraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of movement does the forearm rotate medially (palm down)?

    <p>Pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the action of bending the ankle towards the shin?

    <p>Dorsiflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action involves the thumb moving medially to meet the other fingers?

    <p>Opposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for raising a structure cephalad (superiorly)?

    <p>Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves plantar surface of the foot moving laterally?

    <p>Eversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the combination of movements including flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction?

    <p>Circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term specifically refers to moving a structure away from the median plane?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the epiphyseal plate located in adults?

    <p>Metaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'facet' refer to in bone surface markings?

    <p>Smooth flat articular surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of processes in bone anatomy?

    <p>Serve as attachment points for connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a long bone articulates with the base of an adjacent bone?

    <p><em>Head</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bone anatomy, what is characteristic of a tuberosity?

    <p>A moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of articular cartilage on bone surfaces?

    <p><em>Facilitate smooth movement at joint surfaces</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes projections or outgrowths that help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue?

    <p><em>Trochanter</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone provides a larger proportion of compact bone at the ends of bones?

    <p>Long bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is fibrocartilage predominantly found in the body?

    <p>Vertebrae discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of yellow marrow in bones?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is found in joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bone anatomy, which type of bone provides strength for weight-bearing due to a superficial thin layer?

    <p>Long bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of articular cartilage on bone surfaces?

    <p>Protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is semi-rigid and found in areas where flexibility is required?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is a larger proportion of spongy (trabecular) bone typically found?

    <p>Deep to compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligaments in joints?

    <p>Limit certain movements within the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ligament is found within joint capsules?

    <p>Intracapsular ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do joints receive their blood supply from?

    <p>Arteries located in the joint capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of articular arteries in joints?

    <p>Supply blood to the structures of the joint itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle tissue is primarily attached to bones and voluntary?

    <p>Skeletal muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue forms the wall of the heart and is involuntary?

    <p>Cardiac muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body do proprioceptive receptors in joints provide awareness about?

    <p>Muscle length and tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligaments in stabilizing joints?

    <p>Limiting certain movements within the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is found between the ulna and radius?

    <p>Amphiarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bone anatomy, which type of joint is held together by fibrous connective tissue?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is found between the bones of the skull?

    <p>Suture joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement is produced at a syndesmosis joint?

    <p>Some movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement occurs at a diarthrosis joint?

    <p>Freely moveable movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is a gomphosis joint found in the body?

    <p>In the joint between a tooth and its socket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type has many structures involved in holding it together?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of joints based on how much movement is produced?

    <p>Function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tendons in the body?

    <p>Attach muscle to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has a saw-toothed edge according to the text?

    <p>Serratus anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of motor nerves in the body?

    <p>Stimulate muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an aponeurosis from a tendon in terms of structure?

    <p>Extension as a broad, flat layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is deep fascia well-defined in the body?

    <p>In limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of superficial fascia in relation to the skin?

    <p>Contains veins and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve receives sensory stimuli according to the text?

    <p>Sensory nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Fascia' is mainly composed of which type of tissue?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between smooth (visceral) muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue?

    <p>Smooth muscle tissue is located in organs while skeletal muscle tissue is located in bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does a muscle attach at the point known as the origin?

    <p>Point that attaches to a bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique ability do muscles have when they contract actively?

    <p>They produce tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the direction of pull of a muscle?

    <p>Fiber direction of the muscle belly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a long bone articulates with another bone at a joint?

    <p>Articular cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the insertion point of a muscle?

    <p>Attach to a bone or another muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is skeletal muscle considered voluntarily controlled?

    <p>Because it responds to conscious commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are synchondroses joints usually located?

    <p>In the metaphyseal area near epiphyseal growth plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is typically found in symphysis joints?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which synovial joint type allows for uniaxial movement?

    <p>Hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of intra-articular discs at synovial joints?

    <p>Provide cushioning at high-stress joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where would you find menisci in the body?

    <p>At the knee joint (between femur and tibia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which synovial joint type is similar to a door hinge?

    <p>Hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a plane synovial joint?

    <p>Articulates two flat surfaces for gliding motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of extracapsular ligaments in joints?

    <p>Separate from the joint capsule but stabilize the joint in close proximity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are proprioceptive receptors located in joints?

    <p>In the nerve endings of the joint capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue forms the wall of the heart?

    <p>Cardiac muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of articular arteries in joints?

    <p>Deliver blood supply to the joint capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement does skeletal muscle tissue primarily enable?

    <p>Flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of bones are ligaments primarily located?

    <p>Connecting bone to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of intracapsular ligaments in joints?

    <p>Reinforce articulating surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for 3 degrees of freedom?

    <p>Ball and Socket Synovial Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint has an oval shaped projection fitting into an elliptical hole?

    <p>Condyloid Synovial Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for flexion/extension and adduction/abduction?

    <p>Saddle Synovial Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which joint are the opposing surfaces reciprocally concave-convex?

    <p>Saddle Synovial Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type involves a spherical surface fitting into a bowl-shaped socket?

    <p>Ball and Socket Synovial Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of a Pivot Synovial Joint?

    <p>Ring formed by a ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type allows for uni-axial movement?

    <p>Pivot Synovial Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are synchondroses joints mainly located?

    <p>Metaphyseal area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage joins bones in a symphysis joint?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint allows for the widest range of motion?

    <p>Saddle Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of intra-articular discs at synovial joints?

    <p>Absorb shock and distribute pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which synovial joint type is characterized by having a cylindrical surface fitting into a cylindrical groove?

    <p>Pivot Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional structure is found in synovial joints to help reduce friction and provide cushioning?

    <p>Menisci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the type of movement allowed by a planar synovial joint?

    <p>Uniaxial movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of stabilizer muscles in the body?

    <p>Keep a limb from moving when the agonist muscle contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle principle actively produces concentric, isometric, or eccentric contractions?

    <p>Agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In muscle actions, which type involves the muscle shortening while contracting?

    <p>Concentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the antagonist muscle in the body?

    <p>Passively elongates or shortens to permit motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle type neither assists nor resists joint motion but permits motion to occur?

    <p>Antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synergist muscles in muscular actions?

    <p>Contract at the same time as the agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are skeletal muscles mainly named?

    <p>Based on several types of characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an aponeurosis in the body?

    <p>Attaches muscle to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has a saw-toothed edge?

    <p>Serratus anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tendon sheaths?

    <p>Wrap around tendons at wrist and ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bone anatomy, what is the function of fascia?

    <p>Dense irregular connective tissue wrapping the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sensory nerves primarily found?

    <p>In nerves that receive sensory stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of compact bone?

    <p>Presence at the ends of bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do motor nerves allow the brain to stimulate?

    <p>Muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of deep fascia in the body?

    <p><strong>Wrapping</strong> the body under the superficial fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ligaments in joints?

    <p>Providing structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint are the intervertebral joints between vertebrae?

    <p>Cartilaginous symphysis joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae to limit backward bending?

    <p>Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) in the lumbosacral area?

    <p>Limits backward bending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total range of movement in the vertebral column when slight movement occurs in all intervertebral joints?

    <p>Considerable movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure articulates with the body of the upper and lower vertebra via intervertebral disc?

    <p>Vertebral bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of ligaments in the intervertebral joints?

    <p>Stabilize and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the articulations of vertebral bodies functionally described?

    <p>Amphiarthrodial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) in the vertebral canal?

    <p>Covers blood vessels and nutrient foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the intervertebral disc absorbs compression forces between the vertebrae?

    <p>Nucleus pulposus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Degenerative changes in which part of the intervertebral disc can lead to herniation of the nucleus pulposus?

    <p>Anulus fibrosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint connects the lateral end of each costal cartilage to the sternal end of the rib?

    <p>Synchondrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does a postero-lateral herniation of the intervertebral disc impinge on spinal nerves?

    <p>Intervertebral foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments consist of broad and thin membranous bands that radiate from the front and back of the sternal ends of the cartilages of the true ribs?

    <p>Anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint are the articular processes of each vertebra creating when they articulate with upper and lower vertebrae processes?

    <p>Zygapophysial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint movement pulls the sternum in a superior direction?

    <p>Pump handle motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vertebral bodies does each rib touch in the thoracic cage?

    <p>Two vertebral bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement facilitated by the Costotransverse joint along with Costovertebral joints to move the ribs?

    <p>'Bucket handle' motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the articulation type between the first rib cartilage and the sternum?

    <p>Synchondrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament connects the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra to the neck of a rib?

    <p>&quot;costotransverse&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is possible in the sternocostal joints?

    <p>Gliding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Ligamenta Flava in the vertebral column?

    <p>To preserve the upright posture and assist in resuming it after flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region of the spine are the articular capsules of the facet joints more extended and looser?

    <p>Cervical region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament extends from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra to the sacrum?

    <p>Ligamentum Nucha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Supraspinous Ligament along the spine?

    <p>To connect the apices of the spinous processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament interconnects adjacent spinous processes in the vertebral column?

    <p>Interspinous Ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of zygapophysial (facet) joints?

    <p>Facilitate slide and glide motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Intertransverse Ligaments in the vertebral column?

    <p>To interconnect transverse processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra?

    <p>Ligamentum Nucha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ligament that connects the atlas to the axis and is fixed to the posterior surface of the body of the axis?

    <p>Cruciate ligament of the atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the alar ligaments inserted?

    <p>Medial sides of the condyles of the occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament appears to be a prolongation upward of the posterior longitudinal ligament within the vertebral canal?

    <p>Tectorial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints articulate with the occipital bone in the atlantooccipital joint?

    <p>Synovial condyloid joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the tectorial membrane situated in relation to the vertebral canal?

    <p>Within the vertebral canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the axis and atlas to the skull, in addition to other ligaments?

    <p>Ligamentum nuchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure arises on either side of the upper part of the odontoid process?

    <p>Alar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are synovial condyloid joints located in relation to the atlantooccipital joint?

    <p>Between atlas and occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure binds the bodies of adjacent vertebrae together?

    <p>Intervertebral Disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the intervertebral disc absorbs compression forces between the vertebrae?

    <p>Nucleus Pulposus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can degenerative changes in the anulus fibrosus lead to?

    <p>Impingement on spinal nerve roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament does not significantly restrict forward bending?

    <p>Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can postero-lateral herniation of the intervertebral disc impinge on spinal nerves?

    <p>Intervertebral Foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint are the articular processes of vertebrae responsible for?

    <p>Zygapophysial Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament covers a plexus of arteries, veins, and lymphatics within the vertebral canal?

    <p>Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament connects the anterior part of the head of each rib with the side of the bodies of two vertebrae, and the intervertebral disc between them?

    <p>Radiate ligament of head of rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Costotransverse joints formed?

    <p>Between the tubercle of the rib and the articular surface on the adjacent transverse process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament passes obliquely from the tip of the transverse process to the rough nonarticular tubercle of the rib?

    <p>Lateral costotransverse ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Intra-articular ligament of head of rib?

    <p>Divides the joint into two cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Costotransverse joints, what does the superior costotransverse ligament connect to?

    <p>Transverse processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament attaches to the crest separating two articular facets on the head of the rib and to the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Intra-articular ligament of head of rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the lateral costotransverse ligament located in relation to the rib and transverse process?

    <p>Obliquely from tip to rough nonarticular tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What divides the Costotransverse joint into two cavities?

    <p>Intra-articular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To what structures are the Alar ligaments inserted into?

    <p>Condyles of the occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Tectorial membrane situated within?

    <p>Vertebral canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative name for the cruciate ligament of the atlas?

    <p>Ligamentum nuchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the superior band of the cruciate ligament of the atlas attach to?

    <p>Basilar part of the occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber type is prolonged upward and downward as the cruciate ligament crosses the odontoid process?

    <p>Posterior fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for the articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone?

    <p>Atlantooccipital joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to connecting the atlas and axis to the skull, what does the ligamentum nuchae connect?

    <p>Vertebral column to cranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are present in the articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone?

    <p>Synovial condyloid (condylar) joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is formed by the bodies of vertebrae articulating via intervertebral discs?

    <p>Symphysis joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) in the vertebral column?

    <p>Limit backward bending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are intervertebral joints primarily classified in terms of movement?

    <p>Amphiarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total range of movement achieved in the vertebral column when slight degrees of movement occur in all joints?

    <p>Extensive movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the vertebral column, what structure connects the spinous process of one vertebra with the lamina of the vertebra directly above it?

    <p>Interspinous ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae to support the anterior convexity in the lumbosacral area?

    <p>Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is primarily facilitated by intervertebral joints?

    <p>Flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature that distinguishes articular cartilage present in intervertebral joints?

    <p>No regenerative capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and serves to preserve the upright posture?

    <p>Ligamenta Flava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament represents the supraspinous ligaments of the lower vertebrae in the neck?

    <p>Ligamentum Nucha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the vertebral column has the most prominent spinous process?

    <p>Cervical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is a fibrous cord connecting the apices of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum?

    <p>Interspinous Ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Intertransverse Ligaments in the vertebral column?

    <p>Connect transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of C7 in the vertebral column?

    <p>Ligamentum Nucha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Supraspinous Ligament in the vertebral column?

    <p>Maintain upright posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is membranous and extends from the root to the apex of each spinous process?

    <p>Interspinous Ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the vertebrae is the largest bony segment that stacks up on each other for column height and shock absorption?

    <p>Vertebral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the transverse processes in the vertebrae?

    <p>Attachment for ribs and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the vertebrae serves as an attachment for ribs and muscles by extending posteriorly in the sagittal plane?

    <p>Spinous processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the articular processes in the vertebrae?

    <p>Formation of joints with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Between which parts of the vertebrae is the vertebral foramen located, which houses the spinal cord?

    <p>Vertebral body and vertebral arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the intervertebral foramen in the vertebrae?

    <p>Protection of exiting spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of spinal nerves exit from the spinal cord through intervertebral foramen?

    <p>31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What curvature do the 7 vertebrae in the cervical region form?

    <p>'C' curvature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive characteristic of the Vertebra Prominens?

    <p>Long and palpable spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint forms the 'medial Atlantoaxial joint'?

    <p>Dens and anterior arch of C1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of typical Thoracic Vertebrae?

    <p>Presence of transverse costal facets on the bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of the lateral Atlantoaxial joint?

    <p>Superior articular facet of axis and lateral mass of atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the Thoracic Cage?

    <p>12 thoracic vertebrae + intervertebral discs + 12 pairs of ribs + costal cartilages + sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of costal facets on Thoracic Vertebrae?

    <p>Articulate with tubercles of ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the Vertebra Prominens in terms of palpability?

    <p>'Prominent spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint involves articulation between the spinous process and costovertebral joints?

    <p>Costovertebral joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the xiphoid process articulate below?

    <p>Xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the joint that marks the approximate level of the 2nd pair of costal cartilages?

    <p>Manubriosternal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the xiphi-sternal joint demarcated by a transverse ridge?

    <p>Rib 7 costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is found at the posterior margin of the superior articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae?

    <p>Mammillary process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the lumbar vertebrae is kidney-shaped and convex anteriorly?

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vertebrae have no facets for articulation with ribs?

    <p>Lumbar vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demarcates the xiphi-sternal joint?

    <p>'V' shaped ridge for rib 7 costal cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sternal angle (Angle of Louis) as a clinical landmark?

    <p>Identify the approximate level of T4 and T5 intervertebral disc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of ribs based on their attachment to the sternum?

    <p>True, false, and floating ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the costal groove in a typical rib?

    <p>To accommodate intercostal vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the intercostal nerves and vessels located in relation to the thoracic cage?

    <p>In the intercostal spaces between the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tubercle on a typical rib?

    <p>To provide attachment for muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of a typical rib do we find two semi-facets for articulation with vertebrae?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main classification criterion used to categorize ribs?

    <p>Attachment to the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a typical rib forms a constricted portion between the head and tubercle?

    <p>Neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vertebral column in the human body?

    <p>Posture and support body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the vertebral column has the most vertebrae?

    <p>Lumbar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary curvature of the spine when a newborn baby is born?

    <p>Kyphotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development does lumbar lordosis typically develop in children?

    <p>Toddlerhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many coccygeal vertebrae fuse to make the coccyx?

    <p>2-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do secondary lordotic curvatures develop in the human spine?

    <p>First few years of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the two kyphotic curvatures to create the alternating pattern in the lateral view of the spine?

    <p>Intervertebral discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the vertebral foramen?

    <p>Supports the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of a vertebra serves as an attachment for ribs and muscles?

    <p>Transverse processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?

    <p>Protects spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebral feature extends posteriorly from the vertebrae in the sagittal plane?

    <p>Spinous processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of laminae in a vertebra?

    <p>Protection of spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the body of a vertebra with the transverse processes?

    <p>Pedicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of articular processes in a vertebra?

    <p>Forms joints with adjacent vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a vertebra serves as the largest bony segment for column height and shock absorption?

    <p>Vertebral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature of the atlas (C1) differentiates it from a typical cervical vertebra?

    <p>Absence of body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the axis (C2) serves as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas?

    <p>Odontoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do the lateral masses of the atlas differ from those of a typical cervical vertebra?

    <p>Contain superior and inferior articular surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the odontoid process on the axis in relation to the atlas?

    <p>Acts as a pivot for rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature makes the axis unique compared to typical cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Large odontoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional arches are found on the atlas, contributing to its unique structure?

    <p>Anterior and posterior arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the vertebral column consists of 12 vertebrae?

    <p>Thoracic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vertebral column in the human body?

    <p>Posture and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of life does lumbar lordosis typically develop?

    <p>Toddlerhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many separate bones make up the vertebral column?

    <p>26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concave anterior curvature found in newborn spines?

    <p>Kyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of curvature results from the development of the spine in the first few years of life?

    <p>Lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae?

    <p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spine contains 7 vertebrae?

    <p>&quot;Cervical&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of Vertebra prominens makes it distinctive?

    <p>Existence of a long and prominent spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the lateral Atlantoaxial joint?

    <p>Superior articular facet of the axis and the inferior articular facet on the lateral mass of the atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinct feature of T11 and T12 among the thoracic vertebrae?

    <p>Absence of facets on the transverse processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up the T1 Thoracic cage?

    <p>12 thoracic vertebrae + intervertebral discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Vertebra prominens from other cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Palpable long and prominent spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure articulates with the superior articular facet of the axis?

    <p>Inferior articular facet on lateral mass of atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are costal facets present on typical thoracic vertebrae?

    <p>On sides where heads of ribs articulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the medial Atlantoaxial joint?

    <p>Facet on posterior surface of C1 anterior arch and articular facet on dens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicles and the first and upper part of the second costal cartilages on each side?

    <p>Manubrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rib is atypical, being wider and flattened than the rest, having a tubercle for the anterior scalene muscle insertion, but lacking an angle and costal groove?

    <p>First rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the shaft of a typical rib bend sharply forward?

    <p>Angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ribs have only a single articular facet on their head and no neck or tubercle?

    <p>Eleventh and Twelfth ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature is unique to the body of the second rib compared to typical ribs?

    <p>Costal groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rib has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove compared to other atypical ribs?

    <p>Eleventh rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the costal groove located on a typical rib?

    <p>Inferior border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the first rib provides insertion for the anterior scalene muscle?

    <p>Tubercle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles move the rib superiorly during inspiration?

    <p>External intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle moves the rib inferiorly during expiration?

    <p>Internal intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves supply the internal and external intercostal muscles?

    <p>Intercostal nerves (T1-T11)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for depressing the domes of the diaphragm?

    <p>Diaphragm muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which main foramen in the diaphragm is located at the TXII level?

    <p>Aortic hiatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the diaphragm muscle responsible for its actions?

    <p>Phrenic nerves (C3, C4, C5)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure do the intercostal muscles form part of in the thoracic cage?

    <p>Rib cage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is the major muscle of inspiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arterial supply of the breast mainly done by?

    <p>Lateral thoracic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the nipple of the breast?

    <p>4th intercostal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the venous drainage of the breast mainly go into?

    <p>Axillary nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of arterial supply for the thoracic wall?

    <p>Posterior intercostal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the posterior intercostal veins mainly drain on the right side?

    <p>Azygos vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies innervation to the nipple of the breast?

    <p>4th intercostal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves primarily supply the intercostal muscles, skin of the chest wall, and parietal pleura?

    <p>Anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves T1 – T11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is a direct continuation of the internal thoracic artery and supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?

    <p>Superior epigastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vessels are responsible for the venous drainage of the abdominal wall?

    <p>Veins that run parallel to the superior epigastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the lower abdominal wall?

    <p>Lower intercostal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae?

    <p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct branch of the external iliac artery that supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?

    <p>Inferior epigastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which veins are involved in venous drainage parallel to specific arteries in the abdominal wall?

    <p>Veins associated with the superior epigastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the skin, muscles, and parietal pleura of the chest wall?

    <p>Intercostal nerves T1 – T11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is a branch of the external iliac artery and supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?

    <p>Inferior epigastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle moves the rib inferiorly during expiration?

    <p>Internal intercostal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is primarily associated with the external intercostal muscle?

    <p>Moving rib superiorly during expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure converges muscle fibers to the central tendon in the diaphragm?

    <p>Costal margin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supply is associated with the diaphragm muscle?

    <p>R &amp; L phrenic nerves (C3,4,5)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the diaphragm muscle?

    <p>Depresses domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which thoracic level is the aortic hiatus located on the diaphragm?

    <p>T12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are part of the three flat layers of intercostal muscles?

    <p>External, middle, and internal intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arterial supply of the breast mainly done by?

    <p>Lateral thoracic branch of the axillary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery mainly drains on the right side into the azygos vein from the thoracic wall?

    <p>Posterior intercostal veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the nipple in the breast?

    <p>4th intercostal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do anterior intercostal veins primarily drain into from the thoracic wall?

    <p>Internal thoracic veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of lymphatic drainage from the breast goes into axillary nodes?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which veins drain into the hemiazygos or accessory hemiazygos from the thoracic wall?

    <p>Posterior intercostal veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves provide the innervation to the breast?

    <p>2nd to 6th intercostal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves mainly supply the intercostal muscles, skin of the chest wall, and parietal pleura?

    <p>Anterior rami of the upper thoracic spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct continuation of the internal thoracic artery that supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?

    <p>Superior epigastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures run parallel to the superior and inferior epigastric arteries for venous drainage of the abdominal wall?

    <p>Thoracoepigastric veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the external iliac artery supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?

    <p>Inferior epigastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall?

    <p>Intercostal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerve is considered as a subcostal nerve and is positioned under rib #12?

    <p>T12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary vessel that directly continues from the internal thoracic artery?

    <p>Superior epigastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the external iliac artery supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall?

    <p>Inferior epigastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure runs parallel to superior epigastric artery for venous drainage of abdominal wall?

    <p>Thoracoepigastric vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the superficial extrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Produce and control limb movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which cranial nerve does the trapezius receive its motor fibers?

    <p>Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of muscles specifically act on the vertebral column?

    <p>Deep intrinsic back muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the superficial extrinsic back muscles receive their nerve supply from?

    <p>Anterior rami of cervical nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT classified as a superficial extrinsic back muscle?

    <p>Erector spinae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intrinsic (deep) back muscles?

    <p>Act on the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies motor fibers to the trapezius muscle?

    <p>Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Produce and control limb movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Thoracolumbar Fascia?

    <p>To form a thin covering over the intrinsic back muscles in the thoracic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group lies on the lateral and posterior aspects of the neck?

    <p>Splenius Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of back muscles are commonly designated as superficial respiratory muscles, but are more likely proprioceptive rather than motor in function?

    <p>Serratus Posterior Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the chief functions of the erector spinae muscles?

    <p>To extend the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is part of the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles composed of the muscles Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis?

    <p>Spinotransverse Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle forms the lateral column of the erector spinae muscles?

    <p>Iliocostalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of intrinsic back muscles in the spine helps maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column?

    <p>Deep Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the longissimus muscle?

    <p>Forms intermediate column of erector spinae muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is part of the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles and belongs to the Transversospinalis Group?

    <p>Semispinalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term explains why the splenius muscles are named as such?

    <p>Because they cover vertical muscles somewhat like a bandage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerves innervate the intrinsic back muscles (muscles of the back proper, deep back muscles)?

    <p>Spinal Nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region are the splenius muscles located?

    <p>Thoracic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the serratus posterior superior lie in relation to other muscles in the back?

    <p>Deep to the rhomboid muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fascia encloses the intrinsic muscles of the spine extending from the pelvis to the cranium?

    <p>Thoracolumbar Fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of contraction involves lateral flexion of the head and contralateral rotation of the head?

    <p>Unilateral contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During forced inhalation, which action is carried out by the sternum and clavicle?

    <p>Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates all muscles in the deep group of anterior neck muscles?

    <p>C.N.XI (Spinal accessory nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle helps in raising the first rib during inspiration?

    <p>Anterior Scalene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for extension of the head and upper neck?

    <p>Longus capitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of contraction involves flexion of the lower neck?

    <p>Bilateral contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of muscles are involved in contralateral rotation of the head and neck?

    <p>Longus capitis and Longus coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle is best developed in the lumbar region and is responsible for stabilization of the vertebral column?

    <p>Multifidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle is primarily responsible for extension of the head, cervical spine, and thoracic spine?

    <p>Semispinalis thoracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle assists with respiration by aiding in the elevation of ribs and lateral flexion of the column?

    <p>Levatores costarum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of deep back muscles are also known as the segmental muscles of the back?

    <p>Minor deep back muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscles connect spinous and transverse processes, respectively?

    <p>Interspinales and intertransversarii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscles are best developed in the thoracic region and provide stabilization and proprioception of the vertebral column?

    <p>Rotatores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following deep back muscles primarily assist in small rotatory movements in the thoracic spine?

    <p>Semispinalis capitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of deep back muscles consists of short triangular muscular bundles that are thickest in the lumbar region?

    <p>Multifidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of back muscles is commonly designated as superficial respiratory muscles, but are more likely proprioceptive rather than motor in function?

    <p>Intermediate layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep muscle lies deep to the rhomboid muscles?

    <p>Serratus posterior superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of muscles are innervated by intercostal nerves running within the ribcage?

    <p>Serratus posterior superior and Serratus posterior inferior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of muscles in the back maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column?

    <p>Transversospinalis Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscles are the Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis?

    <p>Superficial layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group in the back is responsible for lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the spine?

    <p>Semispinalis, Multifidus, and Rotatores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thoracolumbar fascia with respect to the intrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Enclosure of intrinsic muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the intermediate intrinsic back muscles from the superficial extrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Proprioceptive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of back muscles specifically act on the vertebral column and maintain posture?

    <p>Intrinsic back muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the trapezius muscle among the following?

    <p>Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the superficial extrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Connect the vertebral column with the upper limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of back muscles receives its nerve supply mainly from anterior rami of cervical nerves?

    <p>Superficial extrinsic back muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle helps in controlling limb movements among the following?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which region does the trapezius muscle mainly receive its motor fibers?

    <p>Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Function in limb movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group lies on the lateral and posterior aspects of the neck and covers the vertical muscles somewhat like a bandage?

    <p>Splenius Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of back muscles acts primarily on producing limb and respiratory movements?

    <p>Superficial extrinsic back muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the thick covering for muscles in the lumbar region made by a structure that extends laterally from the spinous processes?

    <p>Thoracolumbar Fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is the chief extensor of the vertebral column and is divided into columns named Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis?

    <p>Erector Spinae Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the back contains the splenius muscles and forms a thin covering over intrinsic back muscles in the thoracic region?

    <p>Superficial Layer of Deep Back Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the thick and flat muscles that cover and hold the deep neck muscles in position?

    <p>Splenius Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which column of the erector spinae muscles forms the medial column of this muscle group?

    <p>Spinalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the splenius muscles specifically lie in relation to the neck and vertical muscles?

    <p>Lateral and posterior aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles lie in a 'groove' on each side of the vertebral column between the spinous processes centrally and the angles of the ribs laterally?

    <p>Erector Spinae Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of muscles is responsible for the elevation of the sternum and clavicle during forced inhalation?

    <p>Anterior Scalene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is involved in lateral flexion of the head and neck?

    <p>Rectus capitis lateralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates all muscles in the deep group of the anterior neck muscles?

    <p>Ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT part of the deep group of anterior neck muscles?

    <p>Middle Scalene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is carried out by bilateral contraction of neck muscles?

    <p>Extension of head and upper neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle raises the first rib during inspiration?

    <p>Anterior Scalene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is innervated by C.N.XI (Spinal accessory nerve) in the anterior neck muscles?

    <p>Rectus capitis anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During forced inhalation, which action is NOT carried out by the sternum and clavicle?

    <p>Retraction of sternum and clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle is best developed in the lumbar region and is responsible for the stabilization of the vertebral column?

    <p>Multifidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle connects the spinous processes and is responsible for extension and rotation of the spine?

    <p>Interspinales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle assists in small rotatory movements in the thoracic spine?

    <p>Rotatores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle is relatively sparse in the thoracic region and helps with respiration by aiding in the elevation of ribs and lateral flexion of the column?

    <p>Levatores costarum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle is divided into three parts based on its superior attachments and is involved in extension of the head, cervical spine, and thoracic spine?

    <p>Semispinalis capitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of deep back muscles is best developed in the lumbar region and assists in stabilizing the vertebral column?

    Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle is divided into semispinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, and semispinalis cervicis?

    <p>Multifidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle is responsible for stabilization of the vertebral column and proprioception, mainly developed in the thoracic region?

    <p>Rotatores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which minor deep back muscle connects spinous processes for extension and rotation in the back?

    <p>Interspinales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region are the levatores costarum muscles relatively sparse?

    <p>Thoracic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle assists with respiration by elevating ribs and contributes to lateral flexion of the column?

    <p>Levatores costarum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deep back muscle is known as the segmental muscle of the back due to its connection between spinous and transverse processes?

    <p>Interspinales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the multifidus muscle?

    <p>Stabilization of vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Assist with respiration in elevation of ribs and lateral flexion of column' is a primary action associated with which deep back muscle?

    <p>Rotatores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone forms the inferior aspect of the skull?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skull is known as the brain box?

    <p>Parietal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is part of the facial skeleton?

    <p>Zygomatic bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial fossa houses the frontal lobes of the brain?

    <p>Anterior cranial fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which facial bone contains the nasal cavity?

    <p>Maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the parietal bones at the top of the skull?

    <p>Sagittal suture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone contributes to the floor of the eye socket (orbit)?

    <p>Maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure passes through the foramen ovale?

    <p>CN V3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which opening does CN II pass?

    <p>Optic foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is associated with the superior orbital fissure?

    <p>CN III, IV, VI, and V1 branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What passes through the jugular foramen?

    <p>CN IX, X, XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main content passing through the internal auditory meatus?

    <p>CN VII and VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is related to the hypoglossal canal?

    <p>CN XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is closely linked to the external auditory meatus?

    <p>Open canal for sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone forms the majority of the forehead and contributes to the roof of the orbit?

    <p>Frontal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sphenoid bone in the skull?

    <p>Supports the brain and cranial contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone contributes to the nasal septum and is located in the midline of the skull?

    <p>Vomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ethmoid bone in relation to the skull?

    <p>Forms part of the nasal cavity and eye socket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is known for its butterfly shape and forms a key part of the cranial base?

    <p>Sphenoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the skull, which bone articulates with all other cranial bones?

    <p>Parietal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which facial bone directly articulates with both the frontal bone and the maxilla?

    <p>Zygomatic bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foramen is covered by cartilage and located where the sphenoid bone meets the temporal and occipital bones?

    <p>Foramen lacerum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure passes through the optic foramen in the sphenoid bone?

    <p>Cranial Nerve II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the jugular foramen located, passing between which two bones?

    <p>Occipital and temporal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foramen in the sphenoid bone sits just lateral to the foramen ovale and transmits a branch of cranial nerve V?

    <p>Foramen rotundum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure passes through the carotid canal located in the external aspect of the temporal bone?

    <p>Internal carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foramen in the sphenoid bone is located between the lesser and greater wings and serves as a passageway for cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and the ophthalmic division of V?

    <p>Superior orbital fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure passes through the internal auditory meatus located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone?

    <p>Facial nerve (CN VII) and Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the hypoglossal canal located, allowing passage for which cranial nerve?

    <p>Occipital bone, CN XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for closing the eyelids?

    <p>Orbicularis Oculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle is associated with the skin over the eyebrows?

    <p>Frontalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for elevation and retraction of the upper eyelid?

    <p>Levator palpebrae superioris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the muscles of the nose?

    <p>Providing evidence of breathing behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the scalp is continuous with muscle and serves as an origin for some scalp muscles?

    <p>Aponeurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for pressing the cheeks against teeth and lips?

    <p>Buccinator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scalp layer contains hair follicles, vessels, nerves, and lymph?

    <p>Loose CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the orbicularis oris muscle?

    <p>Closing and protruding lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the occipitalis muscle?

    <p>Drawing the scalp backward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of muscles is responsible for retracting the lower lip?

    <p>Depressors, retractors, and evertors of the lower lip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the skull is the orbicularis oculi muscle located?

    <p>Eye Socket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group radiates from the lips and angles of the mouth like spokes of a wheel?

    <p>Several dilator muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the levator labii superioris muscle?

    <p>Elevating the upper lip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the brain?

    <p>Vertebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level does the common carotid artery bifurcate to form the external and internal carotid arteries?

    <p>C3 or C4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which venous system drains all of the blood from the head and neck?

    <p>Internal jugular veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the anterior thoracic wall and breast tissue?

    <p>Internal thoracic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery changes its name to Axillary artery as it passes under the clavicle?

    <p>Dorsal scapular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the common carotid arteries bifurcate into at the level of C3 or C4 cervical vertebrae?

    <p>External and internal carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein system forms the two main veins of the neck, the internal and external jugular veins?

    <p>Intracranial veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the internal jugular vein drain in relation to the head and neck?

    <p>All blood from both the head and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the TMJ-articular disc?

    <p>To separate the joint cavity into superior and inferior compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is primarily responsible for preventing posterior dislocation of the mandible at the TMJ?

    <p>TMJ-lateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to dislocation of the TMJ during yawning or taking a large bite?

    <p>Mandible dislocating anterior to the articular tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extrinsic ligament extends from the spine of the sphenoid to the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible?

    <p>TMJ-Sphenomandibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the TMJ-stylomandibular ligament in limiting movement of the mandible at the TMJ?

    <p>Connecting from the styloid process to the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the basic movement involved in opening the mouth occur within the TMJ?

    <p>On the articular surface of the mandibular fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the joint cavity into superior and inferior compartments in the TMJ?

    <p>TMJ-articular disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause dislocation of the TMJ when a sideways blow to the chin occurs?

    <p>Posterior dislocation of mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the temporalis muscle originate?

    <p>Temporal fossa and fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the masseter muscle?

    <p>Mandibular nerve (V3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

    <p>Articular disc and to the neck of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does not play a role in the Temporo-Mandibular Joint articulation?

    <p>Articular surfaces include: 1.Condylar process of mandible 2.Articular tubercle of temporal bone 3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has the main function of moving the jaw side to side?

    <p>Lateral pterygoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary innervation for the muscles of mastication?

    <p>Mandibular nerve (V3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts as a hinge in the Temporo-Mandibular Joint?

    <p>Condylar process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

    <p>Closure of the eyelids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle connects the skin over the eyebrows to the Galea aponeurotica layer of the skull?

    <p>Frontalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts as a physical barrier from trauma and potential pathogens?

    <p>Scalp skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the Occipitalis muscle?

    <p>Superior nuchal line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Levator palpebrae superioris muscle?

    <p>Elevation and retraction of the upper eyelid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the scalp is continuous with muscle?

    <p>Aponeurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle of mastication has its origin on the zygomatic arch?

    <p>Masseter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the medial pterygoid muscle?

    <p>Mandibular nerve (V3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is part of the temporomandibular joint articular surfaces?

    <p>Mandibular condyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synovial joint is the temporomandibular joint?

    <p>Combined hinge and planar type of synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle insert?

    <p>Articular disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is mainly responsible for moving the jaw side to side?

    <p>Lateral pterygoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the buccinator muscle in the cheek?

    <p>Presses cheeks against teeth and lips, as in whistling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is responsible for depressing, retracting, and everting the lower lip?

    <p>Depressors of the lower lip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the orbicularis oris muscle?

    <p>Closes and protrudes lips (as in kissing)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the levator labii superioris muscle primarily do?

    <p>Raises the upper lip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the risoris muscle?

    <p>Helps to keep food in the mouth and resist distension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which movement does the head of the mandible lie inferior to the articular tubercle?

    <p>Anterior movement of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament extends from the spine of the sphenoid to the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible?

    <p>TMJ-sphenomandibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does not contribute significantly to the strength of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

    <p>TMJ-sphenomandibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can dislocate the TMJ on the side that received a sideways blow to the chin?

    <p>A sideways blow to the chin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament separates the parotid gland from the submandibular gland?

    <p>TMJ-stylomandibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery changes its name to Axillary artery as it passes under the clavicle?

    <p>Dorsal scapular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate to form the external and internal carotid arteries?

    <p>C3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system forms the two main veins of the neck, the internal and external jugular veins?

    <p>Intracranial veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures do the internal jugular veins drain blood from?

    <p>Brain and eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies oxygenated blood to the face and neck?

    <p>External carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Thyrocervical trunk supply in the neck region?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the internal carotid artery in terms of blood supply?

    <p>Supplies brain and eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skeleton consists of 80 bones and lies along the longitudinal axis of the body?

    <p>Axial Skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The upper limb bones include all of the following EXCEPT:

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that converts the carpal arch into a tunnel in the wrist known as?

    <p>Flexor retinaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone forms part of the shoulder girdle and is the only long bone positioned horizontally?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone in the hand has a tubercle on its palmar surface?

    <p>Scaphoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the 126 bones that make up the upper and lower limbs, as well as the pelvic and pectoral girdles?

    <p>Appendicular Skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pelvic girdle?

    <p>Support Movement of Lower Limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hook-like structure on the palmar surface of the hamate bone?

    <p>Hamulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the hand consists of a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx?

    <p>Phalanx bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is NOT part of the upper limb?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up the shoulder girdle?

    <p>(1) Clavicle, (2) Scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure articulates with the carpals at one end and the proximal phalanges at the other end?

    <p>Metacarpal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is unique as it forms part of the shoulder girdle and lies horizontally?

    <p>(1) Scapula, (2) Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges does the thumb typically have?

    <p>Two phalanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is curved laterally and has a hook-like structure on its palmar surface?

    <p>Hamate bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What converts the carpal arch into a tunnel by thickening on the anterior wrist?

    <p>'Thinking' of deep fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the humerus has the lateral capitulum for articulation with the head of the radius?

    <p>Lateral epicondyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lies proximal to the trochlea on the distal end of the humerus?

    <p>Coronoid fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On which side of the forearm is the radius located?

    <p>Lateral side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what location does the radial tuberosity lie on the radius?

    <p>Proximal end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies medial to the styloid process on the radius?

    <p>Ulnar notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surface does the carpal articular surface of the radius face?

    <p>Distally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the trochlea located on the humerus?

    <p>Medial side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies above the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Supraglenoid tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the suprascapular notch located?

    <p>Upper border of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lies proximally on the body of the humerus?

    <p>Surgical neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is bent at a right angle ventro-laterally and lies above the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Coracoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the intertubercular sulcus located on the humerus?

    <p>Between the greater and lesser tubercles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lies behind the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?

    <p>Radial groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the lateral and medial supracondylar ridges located?

    <p>Distal end of humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure divides the antero-medial and anterolateral surfaces of the humerus?

    <p>Intercondylar sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bony elevation on the dorsal surface of the distal end of the ulna called?

    <p>Dorsal tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ulna articulates with the humerus?

    <p>Olecranon and coronoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the supinator crest located on the ulna?

    <p>On the lateral surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carpal bone is superimposed on the triquetrum in the proximal row of carpal bones?

    <p>Pisiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by the olecranon and coronoid processes of the ulna?

    <p>Trochlear notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has tendons running in grooves on the dorsum of the hand?

    <p>Extensor carpi radialis longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is located inferior to the coronoid process on the ulna's lateral surface?

    <p>Tuberosity of ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is located between the scaphoid and capitate in the distal row of carpal bones?

    <p>Trapezoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is the clavicle classified as?

    <p>Long bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the upper limb, which bone articulates with the carpal bones?

    <p>Radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the axial skeleton includes the ear ossicles?

    <p>Skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the body does the appendicular skeleton primarily encompass?

    <p>Upper and lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?

    <p>To provide attachment for lower limb bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a bone that lies horizontally in the body?

    <p>Transverse bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones make up the shoulder girdle in humans?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In human anatomy, which part of the body does the term 'phalanges' refer to?

    <p>Hand and foot digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure converts the carpal arch into a tunnel in the wrist?

    <p>Flexor retinaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metacarpal bone articulates with the proximal phalanges?

    <p>First metacarpal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges does each digit of the hand typically consist of?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone in the hand has a hook-like structure called the hamulus?

    <p>Hamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone makes up the scaphoid?

    <p>Short bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carpal bone converts the carpal arch into a tunnel by its relation to flexor retinaculum?

    <p>Lunate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many tendons and a nerve pass through the carpal tunnel from the forearm to the hand?

    <p>Nine tendons and a nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the infraglenoid tubercle located in relation to the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Below the glenoid cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies proximally on the body of the humerus?

    <p>Surgical neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the coracoid process located in relation to the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Above the glenoid cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the supraglenoid tubercle in relation to the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Above the glenoid cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located lateral to the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?

    <p>Greater tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the suprascapular notch located in relation to the base of the coracoid process?

    <p>Medial to the base of the coracoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the intertubercular (bicipital) groove located in relation to the greater and lesser tubercles?

    <p>Between greater and lesser tubercles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lies behind the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?

    <p>Radial groove (for radial nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bony elevation on the dorsal surface of the distal end called?

    <p>Dorsal tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which forearm bone has the olecranon and coronoid processes for articulation with the humerus?

    <p>Ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prominent ridge on the lateral surface of the ulnar shaft called?

    <p>Supinator crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carpal bone is superimposed on the triquetrum in the proximal row?

    <p>Pisiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the interosseous membrane attached along the ulna?

    <p>Tuberosity of the ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the walls of the trochlear notch in articulation with the humerus?

    <p>Coronoid process and olecranon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure on the distal end of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius?

    <p>Capitulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the radial tuberosity on the radius bone?

    <p>Muscle attachment for flexor muscles of the forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fossa is located on the anterior surface of the distal end of the humerus, proximal to the trochlea?

    <p>Radial fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lies proximal to the capitulum on the distal end of the humerus?

    <p>Coronoid fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone in the forearm has a carpal articular surface facing distally?

    <p>Radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located medial to the styloid process at the lower end of the radius?

    <p>Ulnar notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the humerus is described as spool-shaped and articulates with the proximal end of the ulna?

    <p>Trochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen and is the largest of the three flat muscles in this region?

    <p>Obliquus externus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerve innervates the Obliquus externus abdominis muscle?

    <p>Intercostal nerves (T7 to T12)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is placed immediately beneath the internal abdominal oblique muscle?

    <p>Transversus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Obliquus internus abdominis muscle?

    <ul> <li>lateral 1/3 of Inguinal ligament &amp; Anterior 2/3 of iliac crest</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is smaller and thinner than the Obliquus externus abdominis muscle?

    <p>Obliquus internus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Transversus abdominis muscle located in relation to other abdominal muscles?

    <p>Most internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures does the Obliquus externus abdominis muscle insert into?

    <ul> <li>Linea alba &amp; Lower 3 ribs</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates both the Obliquus internus and Transversus abdominis muscles?

    <p>Intercostal nerves (T6 to T12) &amp; L1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle lies immediately beneath the Internal abdominal oblique muscle?

    <p>Transversus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fascial layer is located deep to Camper’s fascia in the anterolateral abdominal wall?

    <p>Scarpa’s fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line, which muscle's aponeurosis contributes to the anterior lamina?

    <p>Internal oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures meet directly at the posterior aspect of the rectus abdominis muscles below the arcuate line?

    <p>Transversalis fascia and internal oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is part of the deep layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

    <p>Transversus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the posterior lamina of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line?

    <p>Internal oblique and transversus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer directly meets the posterior aspect of the rectus abdominis muscles inferior to the arcuate line?

    <p>(Transversalis fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer is absent in the posterior lamina of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line?

    <p>(Transversalis fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is crossed by fibrous bands named the tendinous intersections?

    <p>Rectus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Camper's fascia located in relation to the abdominal wall layers?

    <p>Superficial to the skin of the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level do the aponeuroses of all 3 lateral abdominal muscles pass anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle?

    <p>Arcuate line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is composed of the aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles?

    <p>Rectus sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Scarpa's fascia anchored laterally and medially?

    <p>Aponeurosis of external oblique and linea alba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the thinnest layer of CT located in relation to the TA muscle and extraperitoneal fat?

    <p>Between TA muscle and parietal peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common location for a postero-lateral herniation impinging on spinal nerves?

    <p>Above Arcuate line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is sometimes considered to be the iliopsoas due to its common distal attachment with the iliacus muscle?

    <p>Psoas Major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the quadratus lumborum muscle?

    <p>Ventral rami of spinal nerves T12-L4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the iliopsoas muscle?

    <p>Iliac fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?

    <p>A triangular gap in the external oblique aponeurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is found within the inguinal canal in males?

    <p>Ilioinguinal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the psoas major muscle?

    <p>Lesser trochanter of femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the inguinal canal extend from and to?

    <p>From the deep inguinal ring to the superficial inguinal ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is the most internal of the flat muscles of the abdomen?

    <p>Transversus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the Obliquus internus abdominis muscle?

    <p>Intercostal nerves (T6 to T12) &amp; L1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen beneath the Obliquus externus abdominis?

    <p>Obliquus internus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lower three ribs are insertion points for which muscle?

    <p>Internal abdominal oblique muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is the largest and most superficial of the three flat muscles in the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen?

    <p>Obliquus externus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for evertion of the lower lip?

    <p>Depressor labii inferioris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the external intercostal muscles primarily located?

    <p>Thoracic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a vertebra serves as the largest bony segment for column height and shock absorption?

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Transversus abdominis muscle?

    <p>Thoracolumbar fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fascia is present inferior to the arcuate line in the abdominal wall anatomy?

    <p>Scarpa’s Fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer directly meets the posterior aspect of rectus abdominis muscles below the arcuate line in the abdominal wall anatomy?

    <p>Transversalis fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT part of the anterolateral abdominal wall deep layers?

    <p>Rectus abdominis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of Camper’s Fascia in the abdominal wall anatomy?

    <p>Fatty layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inferior to the arcuate line, which structure forms the anterior lamina of the rectus sheath?

    <p>Aponeurosis of external oblique and internal oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer directly meets the posterior aspect of transversus abdominis muscle above the arcuate line in the abdominal wall anatomy?

    <p>Rectus Sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Extraperitoneal fat' is located between which structures in the layers of the abdominal wall anatomy?

    <p>Transversalis fascia and Parietal Peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Rectus Sheath' above the arcuate line is formed by which components in the abdominal wall anatomy?

    <p>'Full aponeurosis of external oblique and posterior half of internal oblique'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Rectus Sheath?

    <p>Forms a protective covering over the rectus abdominis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Scarpa's Fascia located in relation to Camper's Fascia?

    <p>Between Camper's Fascia and the rectus sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level is the Arcuate line located in the abdomen?

    <p>1/4 of the distance between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location where all three lateral abdominal muscle aponeuroses pass anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle?

    <p>Below the arcuate line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of Campers Fascia in terms of tissue?

    <p>Adipose and areolar connective tissue layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Rectus abdominis muscle separated from its fellow on the opposite side?

    <p>By the linea alba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To which bones do the tendinous intersections attach in the Rectus abdominis muscle?

    <p>Xiphoid process and ribs 5, 6, 7 cartilages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are fibrous bands named tendinous intersections found in relation to the Rectus abdominis muscle?

    <p>Running across the muscle belly of rectus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?

    <p>In the external oblique aponeurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Psoas Major muscle?

    <p>Lumbar plexus (L1, L2, L3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the Psoas Major and Iliacus muscles collectively form?

    <p>Iliopsoas muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are contained within the Inguinal Canal in males?

    <p>Ductus (vas) deferens and testicular vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the deep inguinal ring situated?

    <p>In the fascia transversalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament does not insert into Rib 12?

    <p>Iliolumbar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply to the Quadratus lumborum muscle?

    <p>Ventral rami of spinal nerves T12, L1, 2, 3, 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for strengthening the shoulder joint capsule except inferiorly?

    <p>Subscapularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Teres Major muscle originate from?

    <p>Inferior lateral border of scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerve innervates the Supraspinatus muscle?

    <p>Suprascapular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery does not pass through the Axillary spaces mentioned in the text?

    <p>Profunda brachii artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the downward dislocations of the humerus in the shoulder joint?

    <p>Presence of rotator cuff muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle serves as a common site for intramuscular injections due to its thick and well-developed deltoid muscle?

    <p>Supraspinatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which two locations does the deltoid muscle originate, contributing to its role in shoulder abduction?

    <p>Clavicle and acromion of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle of the rotator cuff plays a significant role in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint due to its location on the anterior surface of the scapula?

    <p>Subscapularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rotator cuff muscle has an insertion on the greater tubercle of the humerus along with the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?

    <p>Subscapularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle of the rotator cuff is responsible for external rotation of the shoulder joint?

    <p>Infraspinatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle of the rotator cuff is located superior to the teres major and assists in adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder?

    <p>Supraspinatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the superior lateral border of the scapula and inserts into the greater tubercle of the humerus?

    <p>Infraspinatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which fossa does the muscle that originates from the infraspinous fossa insert into the greater tubercle of the humerus?

    <p>Supraspinous fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT part of the rotator cuff muscles as described in the text?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerve innervates the muscle that originates from the inferior lateral border of the scapula and inserts into the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?

    <p>Subscapular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction are dislocations of the humerus explained to occur most commonly based on the text information provided?

    <p>Downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists in all of the following movements: extension of the head, cervical spine, and thoracic spine?

    <p>Splenius capitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lateral costotransverse ligament primarily connect?

    <p>Rib to vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint has a spherical surface articulating with a bowl-shaped socket?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the upper limb, which bone articulates directly with the carpal bones?

    <p>Radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the TMJ-articular disc?

    <p>Absorb shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Scarpa's fascia anchored, both laterally and medially?

    <p>Between skin layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for rotation of the glenoid cavity superiorly to allow complete abduction of the arm?

    <p>Serratus anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Pectoralis Major muscle?

    <p>Medial and lateral pectoral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?

    <p>Ilium &amp; sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle contributes to the extension of the arm?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle helps in medial rotation of the arm?

    <p>Pectoralis major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the Serratus Anterior muscle?

    <p>Intertubercular groove of humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?

    <p>Thoracodorsal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for protracting the scapula and causing upward rotation?

    <p>Serratus anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Injury to which nerve results in the 'winged scapula' presentation?

    <p>Long thoracic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle acts to depress the clavicle at the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints?

    <p>Subclavius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

    <p>Axillary nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Serratus anterior muscle?

    <p>First rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle receives its motor fibers mainly from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?

    <p>Ulnar nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Pectoralis minor muscle?

    <p>Medial pectoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the upper limb is innervated by the Musculocutaneous nerve?

    <p>Muscles on the lateral aspect of the forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the Subclavius muscle perform at the acromioclavicular joint?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is involved in both protraction and downward rotation of the scapula?

    <p>Pectoralis minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for innervating the skin of the medial side of the hand?

    <p>Ulnar nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerve innervates the Subclavius muscle?

    <p>Nerve to subclavius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the skin on the lateral aspect of the arm?

    <p>Radial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is not a part of the brachial plexus terminal branches?

    <p>Sciatic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve provides innervation to the deltoid muscle in the upper limb?

    <p>Axillary nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cord of the brachial plexus gives rise to the Median nerve?

    <p>Medial cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for the depression of the scapula?

    <p>Rhomboids minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve innervation for the Middle Trapezius muscle?

    <p>Dorsal scapular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for retraction (adduction) of the scapula?

    <p>Rhomboids major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Levator Scapulae muscle?

    <p>TPs of C1-C4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is carried out by the lower fibers of the Trapezius muscle?

    <p>Depression of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the Rhomboids major muscle?

    <p>Medial (vertebral) border of scapula at the root of the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Rhomboids major muscle?

    <p>Dorsal scapular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of formation for the brachial plexus nerves?

    <p>5 Roots, 6 Divisions, 7 Cords, 3 Trunks, 5 Terminal Branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the brachial plexus passes underneath the clavicle as it heads towards the axilla?

    <p>Anterior Division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trunk of the brachial plexus is formed by the roots C8 and T1?

    <p>Inferior Trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which divisions are the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus primarily derived?

    <p>Anterior Division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch forms from the posterior divisions of all three trunks in the brachial plexus?

    <p>Posterior Cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of terminal branches in the brachial plexus known by the mnemonic 'MARMU'?

    <p>Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is missing from the Brachial Plexus animation video?

    <p>Long thoracic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To which region of the upper limb does the Lateral cord of the Brachial Plexus provide innervation?

    <p>Anterior arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Ulnar nerve in the upper limb?

    <p>Innervate forearm flexor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve arises from the Posterior cord of the Brachial Plexus?

    <p>Radial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Serratus anterior muscle?

    <p>Horizontal ADDuction of the arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is innervated by the Axillary nerve according to the text?

    <p>Deltoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?

    <p>Thoracodorsal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Musculocutaneous nerve?

    <p>Lateral cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the rhomboids major and minor?

    <p>Dorsal Scapular Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists in anterior tilt of the pelvis?

    <p>Latissimus Dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the upper limb does the Median nerve innervate primarily?

    <p>Thumb side of the palm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the levator scapulae muscle?

    <p>TPs of C1-C4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Pectoralis Major muscle's sternocostal head?

    <p>Sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major nerves arise from the Medial cord of the Brachial Plexus?

    <p>Median and Ulnar nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the clavicle is inserted by the trapezius muscle?

    <p>Lateral 1/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for medial rotation of the arm?

    <p>Latissimus Dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the middle fibers of the trapezius muscle?

    <p>Retraction (adduction) of scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Latissimus Dorsi muscle insert?

    <p>Intertubercular groove of humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the lower fibers of the trapezius insert?

    <p>Lateral border of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Thoracodorsal nerve?

    <p>Extension of arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle(s) are involved in extension of the cervical spine?

    <p>Upper Fibers of Trapezius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one action NOT carried out by the Pectoralis Major muscle?

    <p>Extension of arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the rhomboids minor muscle?

    <p>Medial (vertebral) border of scapula at the root of the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the levator scapulae muscle?

    <p>Dorsal Scapular Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for protraction and upward rotation of the scapula?

    <p>Serratus anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Serratus anterior muscle?

    <p>Long thoracic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is involved in the depression of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints?

    <p>Subclavius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What injury produces weakness of the Serratus anterior muscle leading to a 'winged scapula'?

    <p>Long thoracic nerve injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists in the elevation of ribs during forced inhalation when the scapula is fixed?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Pectoralis minor muscle?

    <p>Coracoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Subclavius muscle?

    <p>Nerve to subclavius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Winged scapula' results from an injury to which specific nerve?

    <p>Accessory nerve (CN XI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mnemonic can be used to remember the formation of the brachial plexus terminal branches?

    <p>Red Trucks Drive Cats Nuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures combine to form the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

    <p>Anterior divisions of superior and middle trunks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles border the axilla, containing many neurovascular structures including the brachial plexus?

    <p>Serratus anterior, Coracobrachialis, Pec major, and Subscapularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branches pass underneath the clavicle as they head towards the axilla in the brachial plexus?

    <p>Anterior divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of terminal branches of the brachial plexus in sequence from lateral to medial?

    <p>Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many divisions are formed in total by the trunks of the brachial plexus?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomical Terminology

    • Terms of relationship and comparison: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, supination, pronation, ulnar deviation, radial deviation, opposition, reposition, eversion, and inversion
    • Terms of movement: include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, and movement around the long axis
    • Terms of direction: superficial, intermediate, deep, medial, lateral, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, proximal, distal, external, internal, ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral, and unilateral

    Introduction to Skeletal System

    • Skeletal system includes both bone and cartilage
    • Divided into axial skeleton (80 bones) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
    • Functions: protection, support, movement, mineral deposition, blood element production, and energy storage

    Bones

    • Two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone
    • Five basic types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones
    • Parts of a typical long bone: epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, and epiphyseal plate
    • Bone surface markings: depressions and openings, and processes (e.g., trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity, spinous, and crest)

    Joints

    • Classification of joints: based on structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial) or function (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis)
    • Types of fibrous joints: suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis
    • Types of cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis and symphysis
    • Types of synovial joints: plane, hinge, saddle, pivot, condyloid, and ball and socket
    • Synovial joint components: synovial membrane, synovial cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and accessory ligaments

    Ligaments of Joints

    • Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize joints
    • Classified based on anatomical relationship to the joint capsule: capsular ligaments, extracapsular ligaments, and intracapsular ligaments

    Vasculature and Innervation of Joints

    • Joints receive blood supply from articular arteries located in the joint capsule
    • Joints have a rich nerve supply, providing sensory information to the brain about proprioception and pain receptors

    Muscle Tissue

    • Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
    • Skeletal muscle tissue is attached to bones, is voluntary, and provides movement of the body### Muscular System
    • The muscular system is composed of voluntarily controlled muscles that allow bones to move or change position.
    • Muscles are the motors of the skeletal system and have the unique ability to contract actively and produce tension.
    • Each skeletal muscle is supplied by a motor and sensory nerve.
    • Key things to know about each muscle:
      • Origin: the point at which the muscle attaches to a bone or another muscle.
      • Insertion: the point at which a muscle attaches to the skin, a bone, or another muscle.
      • Action: the movement or function of the muscle.
      • Nerve innervation: the nerve that supplies the muscle.

    Types of Muscle Tissue

    • There are three types of muscle tissue:
      • Skeletal muscle tissue: attached to bones, voluntary, and responsible for movement and maintaining posture.
      • Cardiac muscle tissue: forms the wall of the heart, involuntary, and responsible for pumping blood.
      • Smooth muscle tissue: located in the walls of organs, involuntary, and responsible for movement and secretion of fluids.

    Muscle Attachment Sites

    • Origin: the point at which the muscle attaches to a bone or another muscle.
    • Insertion: the point at which a muscle attaches to the skin, a bone, or another muscle.
    • Examples of muscle attachment sites:
      • Triceps brachii: 3 sites of origin.
      • Quadratus femoris: square shape.
      • Serratus anterior: saw-toothed edge.

    Tendons and Aponeuroses

    • Tendons: cords of dense connective tissue that attach muscles to bones, skin, or other muscles.
    • Aponeuroses: broad, flat tendons that attach muscles to bones or other muscles.
    • Tendon sheaths: tube-like structures made of connective tissue that wrap around tendons in confined spaces.

    Fascia

    • Superficial fascia: loose connective tissue and fat underlying the skin.
    • Deep fascia: dense, irregular connective tissue that wraps around the body, well-defined in limbs.

    Nerves

    • A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of dendrites or axons.
    • Sensory nerves: receive sensory stimuli, such as pain and touch.
    • Motor nerves: allow the brain to stimulate muscle contraction.

    Ligaments of Joints

    • Ligaments: connective tissue structures that connect bone to bone.
    • Ligaments participate in the stabilization of joints and can limit certain movements.
    • Classification of ligaments based on their anatomical relationship to the joint capsule:
      • Capsular ligaments: blend in with the joint capsule or thickenings of the joint capsule.
      • Extracapsular ligaments: separate from the joint capsule but stabilize the joint in close proximity to the capsule.
      • Intracapsular ligaments: found within joint capsules, reinforcing the connection between articulating surfaces.

    Joints

    • Synovial joints: contain a synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage.
    • Types of synovial joints:
      • Plane joint: two relatively flat surfaces articulating together, allowing gliding and sliding motions.
      • Hinge joint: cylindrical surface fitting into a cylindrical groove, allowing uniaxial movement.
      • Pivot joint: a projection fitting into a ring, allowing uniaxial movement.
      • Condyloid joint: oval-shaped projection fitting into an elliptical hole, allowing biaxial movement.
      • Saddle joint: reciprocally concave-convex surfaces, allowing biaxial movement.
      • Ball-and-socket joint: spherical surface fitting into a bowl-shaped socket, allowing triaxial movement.

    Muscular Actions

    • Isometric: muscle contracts, producing force, but no gross movement of the muscle occurs.
    • Concentric: muscle shortens while contracting, producing acceleration of body segments.
    • Eccentric: muscle lengthens while contracting, decelerating body segments and providing shock absorption.

    Role of Muscles in the Body

    • Agonist/prime mover: the muscle that produces a joint motion or maintains a posture.
    • Antagonist: the muscle that has the opposite anatomic action of the agonist.
    • Synergist: the muscle that contracts at the same time as the agonist.
    • Stabilizer/fixator/supporter: muscles that are active isometrically to keep a limb from moving when the agonist muscle contracts.

    Intervertebral Joints

    • Each vertebra articulates with the upper and lower vertebrae in two ways:
      • JOINT 1: bodies of the vertebrae articulate with the body of the upper and lower vertebra via intervertebral disc.
      • JOINT 2: articular processes of each vertebra articulate with the upper and lower vertebrae articular processes (synovial planar joints called zygapophysial (facet) joints).

    Ligaments of Intervertebral Joints

    • Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL): a broad and strong band of fibers that extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae.
    • Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL): situated within the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae.
    • Intervertebral disc: a fibrocartilaginous structure that intervenes between the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae and binds them together.
    • Ligaments connecting the axis with the occipital bone:
      • Cruciate ligament of the atlas.
      • Tectorial membrane.
      • Alar ligaments.

    Joints of the Thoracic Cage

    • Posterior joints: each rib touches 2 vertebral bodies and 1 transverse process.
    • Sternocostal and costochondral joints:
      • Articulations of the cartilages of the true ribs with the sternum are synovial joints.
      • Ligaments connecting them:
        • Anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments.
        • Costochondral articulations.
    • Movements:
      • Slight gliding movements are permitted in the sternocostal joints.
      • "Bucket handle" motion: sternocostal, costotransverse, and costovertebral joints work together to move the ribs in a superior and lateral direction.
      • "Pump handle" motion: sternocostal joints alone pull the sternum in a superior direction.### Vertebral Column
    • The vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae in 5 regions: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), and coccygeal (2-4)
    • The primary curvature develops during the fetal period, and secondary curvatures develop in the first few years of life
    • The vertebral column has four main functions: posture, support, locomotion, and protection of the spinal cord and spinal roots

    Typical Vertebra

    • A typical vertebra has two major parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch
    • The vertebral body is the largest bony segment, and the vertebral arch is posterior to the body
    • The vertebral foramen is formed by the union of the body, pedicles, lamina, and spinous process, and protects the spinal cord
    • Intervertebral foramen is formed by adjacent pedicles and protects exiting spinal nerves

    Cervical Vertebrae

    • There are 7 cervical vertebrae, forming a lordotic curvature
    • Common features of typical cervical vertebrae include:
      • Small body
      • Transverse foramen in transverse process
      • Bifurcated spinous process
    • Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) have special features that distinguish them from typical cervical vertebrae

    Atlas (C1)

    • No body or laminae
    • No pedicles
    • Anterior and posterior arches
    • Lateral mass on either side with articular surfaces on superior and inferior surfaces
    • Superior articular surface for occipital condyles of the skull
    • Inferior articular surface for axis (C2)

    Axis (C2)

    • Possesses a large odontoid process (dens axis) that acts as an axis (pivot) and permits rotation of the atlas on the axis bone
    • Anterior surface of dens contains an articular facet that matches up with the facet on the posterior surface of the anterior arch of C1 (atlas)
    • Forms the medial Atlantoaxial joint with C1
    • Lateral atlantoaxial joint is formed between the superior articular facet of the axis and the inferior articular facet on the lateral mass of the atlas

    Vertebra Prominens

    • 7th cervical vertebra
    • Distinguished by a long and prominent spinous process that is palpable from the skin surface

    Thoracic Vertebrae

    • 12 thoracic vertebrae, forming a kyphotic curvature
    • Characteristics:
      • Costal facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs
      • Costal facets on the transverse processes for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs (except for T11 and T12)

    Thoracic Cage

    • Components: 12 thoracic vertebrae, intervertebral discs, 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum
    • Functions: attachment for upper limbs, attachments for muscles of upper limbs, neck, abdomen, back, and muscles of respiration, and protection of thoracic and abdominal organs

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