Inflammation Overview and Learning Questions
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Inflammation Overview and Learning Questions

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of chronic inflammation?

  • Fibrosis (scar) (correct)
  • Reduction in leukocyte activity
  • Pus formation
  • Increased blood flow

    • Which of the following cells are examples of mononuclear infiltrate in inflammation?

  • Fibroblasts and endothelial cells
  • Lymphocytes and macrophages (correct)
  • Neutrophils and eosinophils
  • Basophils and platelets

    • How long must inflammation persist for it to transition from acute to chronic?

  • More than 7 days (correct)
  • About 7 days
  • Less than 3 days
  • Exactly 14 days

    • What happens to tissue function as a result of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Tissue function is almost lost or reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of chronic inflammation in workers exposed to hazardous materials?

    <p>Continuous exposure to chemical injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT performed by secreted antibodies?

    <p>Phagocytosing pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes granulomatous inflammation?

    <p>Central necrosis surrounded by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers macrophages to phagocytose during inflammation?

    <p>Chemical signals from neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in the destruction of microbes during allergic conditions?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when acute inflammation fails to clear the initial stimulus?

    <p>Progression to chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is characterized by a sudden onset and a short duration?

    <p>Acute inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of inflammation?

    <p>To eliminate offending agents and initiate tissue repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is typically associated with chronic inflammation?

    <p>Severe fibrosis and proliferation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes granulomatous inflammation from other types?

    <p>Localized collection of macrophages transformed into epithelioid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common systemic effect of inflammation?

    <p>Fever, pain, and redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a main cause of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Persistent infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chemical mediators play in inflammation?

    <p>They help regulate the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody plays a critical role in protecting mucus membranes?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of chronic inflammation in IgA nephropathy?

    <p>Kidney failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation do macrophages participate in?

    <p>Both acute and chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a feature of neutrophils?

    <p>They have a polymorphic nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to monocytes when they migrate into tissues?

    <p>They become macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with chronic inflammatory damage leading to kidney failure?

    <p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic inflammation, which immune cell is primarily involved?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do activated macrophages serve in the inflammatory process?

    <p>They participate in both acute and chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrophils during the inflammatory process?

    <p>Phagocytosis and elimination of foreign bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do macrophages primarily do in acute inflammation?

    <p>Clean up by removing debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the inflammation mediators after the inflammatory response is resolved?

    <p>They calm down and allow repair processes to start</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some local signs of inflammation?

    <p>Increased vascularity and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mediators help in digestion by aiding phagocytosis?

    <p>NO and ROS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical substances aid in the removal of agents through phagocytic vacuoles?

    <p>OCl and OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of signs present during acute inflammation?

    <p>Prominent local and systemic signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inflammation, fibroblasts play a significant role in which process?

    <p>Repairing damaged tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of caseous tissue death?

    <p>Tissue appears crumbly and cheese-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what conditions is caseous tissue death typically observed?

    <p>Tuberculosis and sarcoidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is highlighted as a characteristic feature of septic shock?

    <p>Activation of complement and clotting pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes autoimmune disorders?

    <p>Body mistakenly attacks its own tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical immune response to an acute viral infection?

    <p>Increased lymphocyte production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do platelets play in chronic inflammation?

    <p>They participate in clotting and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from the chronic factors participating in acute inflammation?

    <p>Septic shock and blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies produced during an immune response?

    <p>To neutralize pathogens in the serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammation Overview

    • Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage. It brings cells and molecules of host defense to sites of injury to eliminate the offending agents.

    Learning Questions

    • Acute inflammation: vascular and cellular events, inflammatory cells, course of an acute inflammatory response
    • Chronic inflammation: characteristics, causes, inflammatory cells, granulomatous inflammation, types, and systemic effects

    Types/Features of Inflammation

    • Acute Inflammation: -Onset/duration: Short -Exudation of fluids/edema -Mild necrosis, fever, pain, redness, discharge -Predominant cells: neutrophils -Local and systemic signs prominent
    • Chronic Inflammation: -Onset/duration: Long -Proliferation of blood vessels, severe fibrosis, necrosis -Predominant cells: lymphocytes and macrophages -Less local and systemic signs -Slow repair process

    Mediators of Inflammation

    • Mediators are cells inside the blood that reach the tissue to repair. All cells in the body contribute by secreting mediators.
    • Cells like macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells release various mediators (e.g., cytokines, antibodies) that help eliminate microbes, dead tissue, and promote tissue repair.

    Chronic Inflammatory Cells - Main Cell Players

    • Lymphocyte: A type of mononuclear cell that participates in the inflammatory process. Modified B-cells that secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins).
    • Macrophage: Mononuclear that phagocytize, removing causative agents. Includes activated classic and alternative forms.
    • Plasma cell: A modified B-cell that makes antibodies.
    • Neutrophil: Comes from acute inflammation.
    • Basophil: involved in allergic and inflammatory responses
    • Eosinophil: Contribute to allergic conditions and inflammation

    Macrophage Activation

    • Classically activated (M1): Triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and cytokines/chemokines (like TNF, IFN-γ). Important in microbe killing and inflammation.
    • Alternatively activated (M2): Involved in tissue repair and fibrosis. Activated by IL-4 and IL-13.

    Granulomatous Inflammation

    • Granuloma is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation. It characteristically contains aggregates of activated macrophages (epithelioid cells and giant cells), scattered lymphocytes, and a rim of fibroblasts and connective tissue.
    • A central zone of necrosis (caseous/non-caseous) may be present.
    • Types: immune granuloma and foreign body granuloma

    Examples of Diseases with Granulomatous Inflammation

    • Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Caseating granulomas
    • Leprosy: Mycobacterium leprae; Non-caseating granulomas
    • Syphilis: Treponema pallidum; Gumma
    • Cat-scratch disease: Gram-negative bacillus; Rounded or stellate granulomas
    • Sarcoidosis: Unknown etiology; Non-caseating granulomas
    • Crohn's disease: Immune reaction against intestinal bacteria/self antigens; Non-caseating granulomas
    • Foreign body: e.g., suture or splinter; Non-caseating granulomas

    Systemic Effects of Inflammation

    • Mediated by cytokines: TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 produced by leukocytes -Fever, acute-phase protein production (e.g., C-reactive protein), leukocytosis -Septic shock: factors, clotting pathways -Metabolic abnormalities: TNF

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    Description

    Explore the essential features and types of inflammation, including acute and chronic responses, their characteristics, and mediators. This quiz delves into the cellular events, causes, and systemic effects associated with inflammation, helping you understand the body's defense mechanisms against injury and infection.

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