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Questions and Answers
What is the primary outcome of chronic inflammation?
What is the primary outcome of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following cells are examples of mononuclear infiltrate in inflammation?
Which of the following cells are examples of mononuclear infiltrate in inflammation?
How long must inflammation persist for it to transition from acute to chronic?
How long must inflammation persist for it to transition from acute to chronic?
What happens to tissue function as a result of chronic inflammation?
What happens to tissue function as a result of chronic inflammation?
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What is a common cause of chronic inflammation in workers exposed to hazardous materials?
What is a common cause of chronic inflammation in workers exposed to hazardous materials?
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Which of the following functions is NOT performed by secreted antibodies?
Which of the following functions is NOT performed by secreted antibodies?
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What characterizes granulomatous inflammation?
What characterizes granulomatous inflammation?
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What triggers macrophages to phagocytose during inflammation?
What triggers macrophages to phagocytose during inflammation?
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Which cells are primarily involved in the destruction of microbes during allergic conditions?
Which cells are primarily involved in the destruction of microbes during allergic conditions?
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What is the outcome when acute inflammation fails to clear the initial stimulus?
What is the outcome when acute inflammation fails to clear the initial stimulus?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by a sudden onset and a short duration?
What type of inflammation is characterized by a sudden onset and a short duration?
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What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
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Which of the following features is typically associated with chronic inflammation?
Which of the following features is typically associated with chronic inflammation?
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Which cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?
Which cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?
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What distinguishes granulomatous inflammation from other types?
What distinguishes granulomatous inflammation from other types?
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What is a common systemic effect of inflammation?
What is a common systemic effect of inflammation?
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Which of the following is a main cause of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is a main cause of chronic inflammation?
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What role do chemical mediators play in inflammation?
What role do chemical mediators play in inflammation?
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Which antibody plays a critical role in protecting mucus membranes?
Which antibody plays a critical role in protecting mucus membranes?
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What is one potential consequence of chronic inflammation in IgA nephropathy?
What is one potential consequence of chronic inflammation in IgA nephropathy?
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What type of inflammation do macrophages participate in?
What type of inflammation do macrophages participate in?
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Which of the following correctly describes a feature of neutrophils?
Which of the following correctly describes a feature of neutrophils?
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What happens to monocytes when they migrate into tissues?
What happens to monocytes when they migrate into tissues?
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Which condition is associated with chronic inflammatory damage leading to kidney failure?
Which condition is associated with chronic inflammatory damage leading to kidney failure?
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In chronic inflammation, which immune cell is primarily involved?
In chronic inflammation, which immune cell is primarily involved?
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What role do activated macrophages serve in the inflammatory process?
What role do activated macrophages serve in the inflammatory process?
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What is the primary role of neutrophils during the inflammatory process?
What is the primary role of neutrophils during the inflammatory process?
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What do macrophages primarily do in acute inflammation?
What do macrophages primarily do in acute inflammation?
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What happens to the inflammation mediators after the inflammatory response is resolved?
What happens to the inflammation mediators after the inflammatory response is resolved?
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What are some local signs of inflammation?
What are some local signs of inflammation?
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Which of the following mediators help in digestion by aiding phagocytosis?
Which of the following mediators help in digestion by aiding phagocytosis?
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Which chemical substances aid in the removal of agents through phagocytic vacuoles?
Which chemical substances aid in the removal of agents through phagocytic vacuoles?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of signs present during acute inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the nature of signs present during acute inflammation?
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During inflammation, fibroblasts play a significant role in which process?
During inflammation, fibroblasts play a significant role in which process?
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What is the defining characteristic of caseous tissue death?
What is the defining characteristic of caseous tissue death?
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In what conditions is caseous tissue death typically observed?
In what conditions is caseous tissue death typically observed?
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What process is highlighted as a characteristic feature of septic shock?
What process is highlighted as a characteristic feature of septic shock?
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Which statement correctly describes autoimmune disorders?
Which statement correctly describes autoimmune disorders?
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What is the typical immune response to an acute viral infection?
What is the typical immune response to an acute viral infection?
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What role do platelets play in chronic inflammation?
What role do platelets play in chronic inflammation?
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What can result from the chronic factors participating in acute inflammation?
What can result from the chronic factors participating in acute inflammation?
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What is the primary function of antibodies produced during an immune response?
What is the primary function of antibodies produced during an immune response?
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Study Notes
Inflammation Overview
- Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage. It brings cells and molecules of host defense to sites of injury to eliminate the offending agents.
Learning Questions
- Acute inflammation: vascular and cellular events, inflammatory cells, course of an acute inflammatory response
- Chronic inflammation: characteristics, causes, inflammatory cells, granulomatous inflammation, types, and systemic effects
Types/Features of Inflammation
- Acute Inflammation: -Onset/duration: Short -Exudation of fluids/edema -Mild necrosis, fever, pain, redness, discharge -Predominant cells: neutrophils -Local and systemic signs prominent
- Chronic Inflammation: -Onset/duration: Long -Proliferation of blood vessels, severe fibrosis, necrosis -Predominant cells: lymphocytes and macrophages -Less local and systemic signs -Slow repair process
Mediators of Inflammation
- Mediators are cells inside the blood that reach the tissue to repair. All cells in the body contribute by secreting mediators.
- Cells like macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells release various mediators (e.g., cytokines, antibodies) that help eliminate microbes, dead tissue, and promote tissue repair.
Chronic Inflammatory Cells - Main Cell Players
- Lymphocyte: A type of mononuclear cell that participates in the inflammatory process. Modified B-cells that secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins).
- Macrophage: Mononuclear that phagocytize, removing causative agents. Includes activated classic and alternative forms.
- Plasma cell: A modified B-cell that makes antibodies.
- Neutrophil: Comes from acute inflammation.
- Basophil: involved in allergic and inflammatory responses
- Eosinophil: Contribute to allergic conditions and inflammation
Macrophage Activation
- Classically activated (M1): Triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and cytokines/chemokines (like TNF, IFN-γ). Important in microbe killing and inflammation.
- Alternatively activated (M2): Involved in tissue repair and fibrosis. Activated by IL-4 and IL-13.
Granulomatous Inflammation
- Granuloma is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation. It characteristically contains aggregates of activated macrophages (epithelioid cells and giant cells), scattered lymphocytes, and a rim of fibroblasts and connective tissue.
- A central zone of necrosis (caseous/non-caseous) may be present.
- Types: immune granuloma and foreign body granuloma
Examples of Diseases with Granulomatous Inflammation
- Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Caseating granulomas
- Leprosy: Mycobacterium leprae; Non-caseating granulomas
- Syphilis: Treponema pallidum; Gumma
- Cat-scratch disease: Gram-negative bacillus; Rounded or stellate granulomas
- Sarcoidosis: Unknown etiology; Non-caseating granulomas
- Crohn's disease: Immune reaction against intestinal bacteria/self antigens; Non-caseating granulomas
- Foreign body: e.g., suture or splinter; Non-caseating granulomas
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
- Mediated by cytokines: TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 produced by leukocytes -Fever, acute-phase protein production (e.g., C-reactive protein), leukocytosis -Septic shock: factors, clotting pathways -Metabolic abnormalities: TNF
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Description
Explore the essential features and types of inflammation, including acute and chronic responses, their characteristics, and mediators. This quiz delves into the cellular events, causes, and systemic effects associated with inflammation, helping you understand the body's defense mechanisms against injury and infection.
