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Questions and Answers
Which cells are primarily responsible for the emigration of leukocytes during acute inflammation?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the emigration of leukocytes during acute inflammation?
What is the key difference between acute and chronic inflammation regarding the duration and type of cellular response?
What is the key difference between acute and chronic inflammation regarding the duration and type of cellular response?
Which cytokine is directly involved in the activation of the inflammasome during acute inflammation?
Which cytokine is directly involved in the activation of the inflammasome during acute inflammation?
Which of the following conditions may arise from excessive or defective inflammatory responses?
Which of the following conditions may arise from excessive or defective inflammatory responses?
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What is the primary outcome of acute inflammation when the process is effective?
What is the primary outcome of acute inflammation when the process is effective?
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What is the function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
What is the function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
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Which mediator is involved in the termination of the inflammatory response?
Which mediator is involved in the termination of the inflammatory response?
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What outcome occurs when there is substantial damage to connective tissue?
What outcome occurs when there is substantial damage to connective tissue?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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What is a major cause of chronic inflammation?
What is a major cause of chronic inflammation?
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Which plasma protein is an acute phase reactant involved in the inflammatory response?
Which plasma protein is an acute phase reactant involved in the inflammatory response?
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Which of these is an example of an outcome of complete resolution in acute inflammation?
Which of these is an example of an outcome of complete resolution in acute inflammation?
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What initiates the process of leukocyte migration during inflammation?
What initiates the process of leukocyte migration during inflammation?
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What is the primary role of neutrophils during acute inflammation?
What is the primary role of neutrophils during acute inflammation?
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Which cytokines are primarily released by resident macrophages and dendritic cells during the inflammatory response?
Which cytokines are primarily released by resident macrophages and dendritic cells during the inflammatory response?
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What physiological change does histamine secretion by mast cells primarily cause?
What physiological change does histamine secretion by mast cells primarily cause?
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What are the characteristic signs of acute inflammation?
What are the characteristic signs of acute inflammation?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for the early phase of the acute inflammatory response?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the early phase of the acute inflammatory response?
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How do cytokines influence the recruitment of inflammatory cells?
How do cytokines influence the recruitment of inflammatory cells?
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What occurs during the repair phase of acute inflammation?
What occurs during the repair phase of acute inflammation?
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Which process describes the removal of microbes and dead cells during acute inflammation?
Which process describes the removal of microbes and dead cells during acute inflammation?
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Study Notes
Systemic Ramifications
- Cytokines released into the bloodstream
- Fever induced by pyrogens (e.g., bacterial products, cytokines IL-1, TNF)
- Pyrogens trigger PGE2 release from hypothalamus, resetting body's thermostat
- Elevated acute-phase proteins (e.g., fibrinogen, CRP, SAA) produced in the liver
- Leukocytosis (increased white blood cells) due to IL-1 and TNF
Types of Inflammation
Acute Inflammation
- Rapid onset (minutes to days)
- Short duration
- Characterized by edema, redness, pain, neutrophil emigration
- Triggered by immediate response to stimuli
Chronic Inflammation
- Persistent stimulus
- Long duration (weeks to months)
- Characterized by macrophages, lymphocytes, blood vessel proliferation and tissue destruction
- May follow acute inflammation if stimulus persists
Acute Inflammatory Steps
- Recognition: Inflammasome activation, release of IL-1 by resident cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells) induced by pathogen recognition.
- Recruitment: Inflammatory cells and plasma proteins enter affected tissue in response to released cytokines.
- Removal: Phagocytic cells eliminate microbes and dead cells.
Regulation and Repair
- Inflammation ends when its purpose is achieved; anti-inflammatory mediators are secreted.
- Resident macrophages and dendritic cells detect injury trigger release of IL-1 and TNF- α.
- Mast cells secrete histamine and serotonin causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
- Neutrophils arrive within 6 hours and continue responding up to 24 hours.
- Additional cells and contributions (e.g. Pseudomonas bacteria, viral infections, allergic reactions).
Vascular Changes
- Vasodilation increases blood flow, causing redness and heat.
- Increased permeability allows fluid and proteins to leak into tissues, causing swelling.
- Transudate and exudate - differing characteristics based on composition and presence of cellular debris.
Leukocyte Recruitment and Migration
- Leukocytes migrate in response to cytokines and chemokines.
- Adhesion to the endothelium is necessary, leading to the movement inside tissues.
Morphological Types of Acute Inflammation
- Serous: Fluid with low protein and cell content (e.g., blisters, pleural effusion).
- Fibrinous: High protein content, fibrin threads form a mat (e.g., pericarditis, pleuritis).
- Suppurative/Purulent: Pus is present, rich in neutrophils and pathogens).
- Abscess: Purulent exudate localized in circumscribed area.
Termination of Response
- Mediators stop being released.
- Short half-lives of mediators (e.g., neutrophils).
- Anti-inflammatory cytokines released.
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
- Complete resolution: tissue regeneration possible.
- Scar formation: Occurs with substantial tissue damage; granulation tissue replaces the damaged tissue.
- Factors determining outcomes: severity of damage, ability of cells to regenerate, and type of agent.
Chronic Inflammation
- Ongoing inflammation
- Long duration, possibly leading to tissue damage and fibrosis.
- Contributing factors are persistent infection or irritation.
Causes of Chronic Inflammation
- Persistent infection (e.g., mycobacteria, viruses, fungi,parasites).
- Hypersensitivity reactions.
- Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis).
- Prolonged exposure to toxins (e.g., silicosis, atherosclerosis).
Cells Involved
- Macrophages: Initiate and regulate inflammation.
- Lymphocytes: Immune responses and activation of specific cells via various pathways.
- Plasma cells: produce antibodies.
- Eosinophils: Response to parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
- Mast cells: Release histamine and other mediators causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
- Neutrophils: Phagocyte cells that play a major role in the initial stages of inflammation.
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Description
This quiz covers the systemic ramifications of inflammation, detailing cytokine responses, types of inflammation, and the steps involved in acute inflammation. Understand the differences between acute and chronic inflammation and their implications on the body’s response to pathogens.
