Inflammation PDF

Block 1.2 (2023- 2024) Inflammation Doctor explanation Student explanation Previous-years notes Deleted Done by : Key words Faisal Aldhafeeri Book...

Block 1.2 (2023- 2024) Inflammation Doctor explanation Student explanation Previous-years notes Deleted Done by : Key words Faisal Aldhafeeri Book Zainab Ali Abbreviations Inflammation Dr. Sujatha Department of Pathology [email protected] Learning Questions: Acute inflammation - vascular and cellular events Inflammatory cells in acute inflammation Course of an acute inflammatory response. Main characteristics of chronic inflammation Main causes of chronic inflammation Inflammatory cells of chronic inflammation Granulomatous inflammation Main types of granulomatous inflammation Systemic effects of inflammation What is inflammation? Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, to eliminate the offending agents. Features in patient with inflammation  Inflammation Protective response of Eliminate vascularized cause of tissues injury & necrotic tissues Induced by chemical mediators Tissue repair.!!! The Aim of inflammation  Types/features of inflammation Acute inflammation Chronic inflammation Sudden Onset/duration Short duration Onset/duration Long duration Proliferation of blood Exudation of fluids /edema vessels , severe fibrosis and Mild necrosis Fever , pain , redness , discharge necrosis. Lymphocytes and Neutrophils macrophages Less local and systemic Prominent local and signs systemic signs The process of repair is slow Have been explained from previous lecture The cells (WBCs) from blood vessels reach tissue to repair and to cause phagocytosis and elimination of foreign bodies  The Mediators of Inflammation Present in the skin Mediators: they are cells inside the blood which reach the - When insect bites the skin cells release chemicals ( histamine and tissue to repair. All the cells will participate acute that causes itching) and that caused itching to tell the body that there inflammation by secreting mediator is foreign body injected the skin. Help in killing Produce antibodies Give signals to cells to start the elimination process After finishing the inflammation all cells will calm down then repair process start by fibroblast and ECM protein and cells So important , steps of the migration of neutrophils from vessels (blood circulation) to tissue  Macrophages in acute their role is to clean the process but in chronic it gives signals to lymphocyte NO and ROS Help in digestion OCl and OH are Removal of agents Chemical which help in occurs in the digestion phagocytic vacuole  Function Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss Of Func. Color Rubor Tumor Dolor  Outcome of Acute Inflammation The normal outcome of acute inflammation Lots of infections extensive damage we call it The outcome of chronic inflammation is fibrosis ( scar) (Pus) Examples for Mononuclear cell infiltrate are -Exudate : dead neutrophils and necrotic cells Lymphocytes and macrophages (Isn’t clear) -The treatment is take off the liquid When the healing process take long time , it enters to Chronic inflammation  Also it is a sequence of acute Is due to continuous inflammation inflammation More than 7 days Examples of mononuclear cells: lymphocytes and monocytes and plasma cells Unless you remove the causative agents The function of tissue is almost lost or reduced  As a result of Chronic inflammation happens if there is As a result of  For ex: people that works in chemical factories will be exposed continuously to chemical injuries. As a prolonged result, exposure to those toxic abbreviation for Immunoglobulin agents will lead to A (IgA): an antibody (= a chronic substance in the blood that inflammation attacks harmful bacteria) that is very important in protecting the body in mucus membranes (= the thick skin that covers the inside of body parts such as the nose and mouth) SLE: systemic lupus erythematous For ex: SLE and IgA nephropathy which they are slowly causes chronic inflammation tissue and tissue damage, where will lead chronic inflammatory the person to have consequences of go process. For ex, in IgA nephropathy: the renal tissue may into failure so there will be kidney failure. At the end, this damage is the out come of chronic inflammation  Monocytes in blood , when it Activated Macrophages also participate comes to the tissue it becomes in acute inflammation Macrophages Mononuclear Mononuclear Also known as mononuclear cells and this phagolysosome. Also it Macrophage forms participate lymphocyte is the main cell that agent remove the causative inflammatory process in chronic phagocytosis Mononuclear Polymorphic nuclear Nucleus has many lobes Neutrophils starts from acute inflammation. If acute inflammation It is a modified B cell. Also, it secretes repaired, doesn't signals neutrophils will send to lymphocytes and immunoglobin (an antibody). therefore chronic inflammation will start then to macrophages Function of Antibody: -Secreted antibodies perform various effector functions, including neutralizing antigens, activating complement, and promoting Eosinophil contributes in leukocyte-dependent destruction of microbe. allergic conditions where -(interacts with antigen) chronic cause a -Stop microbes cell and connective tissue gaining access to host cell and connective tissue inflammation When acute inflammation doesn't completely cleared Neutrophils will send signals to macrophages to phagocyte Phagocytes through lysosomal enzymes Microbicidal means: killing of microorganism After the cycle happens: clonal expansion will happen which means more cells of inflammation will be produced and they will migrate to the injures site so they will accumulate and the repair process will be seen. Structure of granulomatous inflammation: 1) Central necrosis (bacteria) 2) The bacteria is surrounded by lymphocytes 3) Macrophages 4) Fibroblasts  Appears in a pink side the at It's nothing but there is a necrosis Centre and surrounding by cells What are the cells which are forming granuloma? 1 2 4 3 Seen for ex: in tuberculosis Seen for ex: in And wherever Sarcoidosis and Meaning of caseous : A type of tissue death there is lymphatic other in which all cellular outline is lost and tissue activity appears crumbly and cheese like Without bacteria , no infection Autoimmune disorder : the body suddenly start fighting itself Typically in lungs and lymph nodes  Activation of complement pathways will happens, clotting pathways. factors and alternative Clotting factors will be released and platelets will participate in chronic The features of inflammation. All these together may cause septic shock septic shock are: 1 2 3 That's because the chronic factors which are participating in acute inflammation will cause clotting process. As a blood result there will be clots seen in the blood flow Acute viral infection , ex: 2 days duration Increases lymphocytes Result in antibodies production Antibodies are present in the serum (plasma) of the blood