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Questions and Answers
Which chemotactic factor is NOT associated with the recruitment of monocytes from circulation?
Which chemotactic factor is NOT associated with the recruitment of monocytes from circulation?
Which of the following cytokines is secreted by Th2 lymphocytes?
Which of the following cytokines is secreted by Th2 lymphocytes?
What is the primary function of CD4+ T lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?
What is the primary function of CD4+ T lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?
Which type of antibody is primarily involved in allergic inflammatory conditions?
Which type of antibody is primarily involved in allergic inflammatory conditions?
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Which of the following statements about B lymphocytes is correct?
Which of the following statements about B lymphocytes is correct?
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What role do eosinophils play in chronic inflammation?
What role do eosinophils play in chronic inflammation?
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What characterizes granulomatous inflammation?
What characterizes granulomatous inflammation?
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The central component of a granuloma may exhibit which of the following features?
The central component of a granuloma may exhibit which of the following features?
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What is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
What is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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Which microorganism is responsible for the granulomatous inflammation seen in tuberculosis?
Which microorganism is responsible for the granulomatous inflammation seen in tuberculosis?
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Which of the following is a cause of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is a cause of chronic inflammation?
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What is a major systemic effect associated with inflammation due to the acute-phase response?
What is a major systemic effect associated with inflammation due to the acute-phase response?
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Which cytokine is NOT involved in the acute-phase response?
Which cytokine is NOT involved in the acute-phase response?
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Which of the following conditions is a consequence of excessive inflammation?
Which of the following conditions is a consequence of excessive inflammation?
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What can be a consequence of defective inflammation?
What can be a consequence of defective inflammation?
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Which process occurs alongside tissue destruction in chronic inflammation?
Which process occurs alongside tissue destruction in chronic inflammation?
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What type of cells primarily infiltrate during chronic inflammation?
What type of cells primarily infiltrate during chronic inflammation?
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What can lead to the development of chronic inflammation?
What can lead to the development of chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with chronic inflammation?
Which of the following diseases is associated with chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is classified as a foreign body that can cause granulomatous inflammation?
Which of the following is classified as a foreign body that can cause granulomatous inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a systemic effect of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT considered a systemic effect of inflammation?
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How do macrophages primarily accumulate at sites of chronic inflammation?
How do macrophages primarily accumulate at sites of chronic inflammation?
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What is the primary role of macrophages when activated in chronic inflammation?
What is the primary role of macrophages when activated in chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following pathogens is associated with granulomatous inflammation but is NOT a bacteria?
Which of the following pathogens is associated with granulomatous inflammation but is NOT a bacteria?
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Study Notes
Chronic Inflammation Overview
- Chronic inflammation lasts for weeks or months, featuring inflammation, tissue injury, and repair attempts simultaneously.
- Causes include:
- Persistent injurious agents or infections.
- Host's inability to eliminate the injurious agent.
- Hypersensitivity diseases.
- Prolonged exposure to toxic agents, either from external (exogenous) or internal (endogenous) sources.
Morphological Characteristics
- Chronic inflammation is characterized by:
- Infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages.
- Tissue destruction.
- Repair processes such as neovascularization and fibrosis.
Development of Chronic Inflammation
- It can progress from acute inflammation, such as tonsillitis or osteomyelitis.
- Associated with repeated exposure to toxic agents like silicosis or asbestos.
- Linked to viral infections (e.g., hepatitis C, HIV) and persistent microbial infections (e.g., tuberculosis).
- Common in autoimmune disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus).
Role of Macrophages
- Derived from circulating monocytes or resident tissue cells.
- Types include Kupffer cells (liver), sinus histiocytes (spleen), alveolar macrophages (lungs), and microglia (CNS).
- Activated primarily by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) from T lymphocytes, leading to:
- Increased cell size and metabolism.
- Enhanced lysosomal enzyme activity.
Macrophage Accumulation
- Recruitment occurs through chemotactic factors such as chemokines, C5a, and fibrinopeptides.
- Macrophages proliferate at inflammation sites and become immobilized.
Other Cells in Chronic Inflammation
- B and T lymphocytes amplify chronic inflammation; T lymphocytes (CD4+) secrete cytokines, promoting further inflammatory responses.
- Eosinophils, mast cells, and neutrophils also play roles in chronic inflammatory processes.
Lymphocyte Function
- B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells, producing antibodies (e.g., IgA, IgE, IgM, IgG) which tailor immune response.
- T lymphocytes include subsets Th1, Th2, and Th17, which activate other immune cells and influence the inflammatory response.
Granulomatous Inflammation
- Characterized by collections of activated macrophages forming granulomas, which might include:
- Epithelioid macrophages.
- Lymphocytes and plasma cells around granulomas.
- Fibroblast activity leading to fibrosis.
- Giant cells and necrosis (e.g., in tuberculosis).
Examples of Granulomatous Inflammation
- Bacterial causes include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Leprae, Treponema pallidum.
- Fungal infections such as Histoplasma capsulatum and blastomycosis.
- Parasitic causes include schistosomiasis.
- Foreign body reactions to sutures or prostheses.
- Sarcoidosis remains an example of unknown causes.
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
- The acute-phase response is induced by cytokines TNF, IL-1, and IL-6, leading to:
- Fever.
- Production of acute-phase proteins (e.g., CRP, fibrinogen).
- Increased white blood cell count (leucocytosis).
Consequences of Inflammation
- Defective inflammation leads to:
- Increased susceptibility to infections due to impaired innate immunity.
- Delayed healing and clearance of necrotic tissue.
- Excessive inflammation can result in:
- Allergic reactions (e.g., asthma).
- Autoimmune disorders (e.g., Type 1 diabetes).
- Conditions like atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of chronic inflammation, including its causes, morphological characteristics, and development. Learn about the various agents that contribute to chronic inflammation and how it differs from acute inflammation.
