Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key requirement for a questionnaire according to the content?
What is a key requirement for a questionnaire according to the content?
How is the design of a questionnaire described in the content?
How is the design of a questionnaire described in the content?
Which aspect is NOT emphasized in developing a questionnaire based on the content?
Which aspect is NOT emphasized in developing a questionnaire based on the content?
What does the content imply about the relationship between a questionnaire's design and its effectiveness?
What does the content imply about the relationship between a questionnaire's design and its effectiveness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential pitfall when designing a questionnaire mentioned in the content?
What is a potential pitfall when designing a questionnaire mentioned in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a core competency of health psychologists?
Which of the following is a core competency of health psychologists?
Signup and view all the answers
How do mental health conditions like depression affect physical health?
How do mental health conditions like depression affect physical health?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a focus area in health promotion efforts?
What is a focus area in health promotion efforts?
Signup and view all the answers
Which aspect is critical for the ethical conduct of health psychologists?
Which aspect is critical for the ethical conduct of health psychologists?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one effective strategy for preventing illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes?
What is one effective strategy for preventing illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one primary area of focus for health psychologists?
What is one primary area of focus for health psychologists?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is commonly studied by health psychologists concerning its impact on physical health?
Which factor is commonly studied by health psychologists concerning its impact on physical health?
Signup and view all the answers
How do health psychologists help individuals achieve healthier behaviors?
How do health psychologists help individuals achieve healthier behaviors?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of strategies do health psychologists promote to manage stress?
What type of strategies do health psychologists promote to manage stress?
Signup and view all the answers
Which question might health psychologists address in their work regarding stress?
Which question might health psychologists address in their work regarding stress?
Signup and view all the answers
In what way do health psychologists contribute to illness prevention?
In what way do health psychologists contribute to illness prevention?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one approach health psychologists take to improve physical well-being?
What is one approach health psychologists take to improve physical well-being?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT typically a focus of health psychology?
Which of the following is NOT typically a focus of health psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the iPAQ-SF primarily serve as in clinical settings?
What does the iPAQ-SF primarily serve as in clinical settings?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following limitations is associated with recall of physical activity according to the content?
Which of the following limitations is associated with recall of physical activity according to the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What level of correlation does the iPAQ-SF report with ergometry?
What level of correlation does the iPAQ-SF report with ergometry?
Signup and view all the answers
Which aspect is NOT mentioned regarding the iPAQ-SF?
Which aspect is NOT mentioned regarding the iPAQ-SF?
Signup and view all the answers
In what context is the iPAQ-SF described as being appropriate?
In what context is the iPAQ-SF described as being appropriate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a main feature of the iPAQ-SF highlighted in the content?
What is a main feature of the iPAQ-SF highlighted in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is likely a challenge when utilizing self-reported physical activity measures?
Which of the following is likely a challenge when utilizing self-reported physical activity measures?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be inferred about the restrictions of the iPAQ-SF based on the content provided?
What can be inferred about the restrictions of the iPAQ-SF based on the content provided?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Bandura's social learning theory emphasize in understanding behavior?
What does Bandura's social learning theory emphasize in understanding behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
How do actions and thoughts relate according to the principles of Bandura's theory?
How do actions and thoughts relate according to the principles of Bandura's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
In Bandura's theory, what is a key component in the learning process?
In Bandura's theory, what is a key component in the learning process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which aspect of human behavior is NOT directly examined by Bandura's social learning theory?
Which aspect of human behavior is NOT directly examined by Bandura's social learning theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Bandura propose about the interaction between observation and behavior?
What does Bandura propose about the interaction between observation and behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major strength of experimental designs like RCTs?
What is a major strength of experimental designs like RCTs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common limitation of RCTs?
Which of the following is a common limitation of RCTs?
Signup and view all the answers
Why might RCTs introduce volunteer bias?
Why might RCTs introduce volunteer bias?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key drawback of using RCTs compared to observational studies?
What is a key drawback of using RCTs compared to observational studies?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of RCTs can significantly reduce their feasibility?
What aspect of RCTs can significantly reduce their feasibility?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is NOT typically associated with RCTs?
Which factor is NOT typically associated with RCTs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the primary reasons RCTs are considered time-consuming?
What is one of the primary reasons RCTs are considered time-consuming?
Signup and view all the answers
In RCTs, what does high internal validity refer to?
In RCTs, what does high internal validity refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of experimental designs like RCTs?
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of experimental designs like RCTs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a consequence of the high cost associated with RCTs?
What is a consequence of the high cost associated with RCTs?
Signup and view all the answers
What impact do restrictive enrollment criteria have on RCTs?
What impact do restrictive enrollment criteria have on RCTs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about RCTs is accurate?
Which of the following statements about RCTs is accurate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following pitfalls is associated with RCTs?
Which of the following pitfalls is associated with RCTs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary concern regarding the generalizability of RCT findings?
What is a primary concern regarding the generalizability of RCT findings?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Study Notes
- Written Exam: 120 minutes, 100% weighting; bonus up to 0.33 grade points available for participation in a health psychology experiment by end of September. Readings should be read before class.
Applied Health Psychology
-
Definition: The study and application of psychological principles to promote health, prevent illness, and improve healthcare. Focuses on how behavior, emotions, and mental processes affect physical well-being.
-
Focus Questions: How can healthier behaviors be motivated? How does stress impact physical health? What are effective prevention strategies for illnesses like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity through behavioral change? How do mental health conditions affect physical health and recovery?
Core Competencies of Health Psychologists
- Competency, confidentiality, informed consent, accountability, equality, respect, communication, boundaries & safety & well-being.
Questionnaires & Interviews
-
Importance: Vital elements in health behavior change research, used to understand relationships between factors impacting health.
-
Online Questionnaires: Advantages: quick, relatively cheap to develop and can show correlations. Disadvantages: reliant on questionnaire design, potential unreliability, and limited insight into causation.
-
Assessment Tools: Questionnaires, interviews, behavioral observation & other measures.
-
Tools must be reliable & valid (internal/content, criterion-related, convergent/divergent validity). Importance of test-retest reliability.
-
Issues to avoid: leading questions, ambiguous language, double negatives, double-barreled questions, emotional language, prestige bias, unbalanced response categories, overlapping or vague answer categories.
-
Methods for developing scales: generating pool of items, carefully writing questions (avoiding issues mentioned above). Piloting assessment tool, testing reliability (e.g., test-retest reliabilty) and dimensionality (factor analysis).
-
Measurement issues: cognitive limitation in recall, generalizability to long-term behavior (e.g. 7-day/1-week recalls are not long enough!), challenging to generalize from short-term recall sessions.
Instrumentation for Collecting Verbal Data
- Mail questionnaires (e.g., 100 item, 10-page questionnaires).
- Computer assisted telephone interviews (10 minutes).
- Face-to-face interviews/questionnaires (60 minutes).
- Cognitive interviewing (during pilot testing - for measuring comprehension of survey items).
Single Items vs. IPAQs (International Physical Activity Questionnaires)
- Single-item measures have a moderate correlation with IPAQ in classifying inactive participants.
- Weak agreement with IPAQ in identifying individuals meeting current physical activity guidelines compared to continuous measurements (e.g., accelerometry).
Research Methods
- Direct Measures: Accelerometry, calorimetry, pedometry, doubly labeled water, direct observation (detailed description of behavioral observation). Detailed list and descriptions of each measure given.
- Indirect Measures: Self-reporting with questionnaires, interviews, diaries, logs (detailed descriptions of each type of measurement - prospective and retrospective, and for different intervals of time).
Research Methodologies (Experimental Design)
- Experiments/RCTs: Randomised Control Trials (strongest method for testing causality). Strong internal validity, but sometimes not feasible. Control over intervention & end points.
- Prospective Cohort Studies: Establish sequence of events, control over subject selection & methods for measuring relevant variables. Less expensive than prospective studies.
- Retrospective Cohort Studies: Useful for studying rare outcomes or assessing exposures over a long period, but can be restricted in assessing causal factors (limited control over factors).
- Case-Control Studies: Useful for studying rare outcomes, assessing multiple exposures, but have issues with establishing causality and risk of confounding variables (selection bias, survivor bias, recall bias). Limited to 1 outcome.
- Cross-sectional Studies: Useful for studying multiple outcomes/exposures & prevalence, but have challenges with establishing temporal sequence & risk of confounding variables. Limited to 1 outcome.
- Case-Series/Case Reports: Convenient & inexpensive, but limited ability to draw conclusions about causality. Lack of comparison grcup.
Qualitative Research Methods
- Diaries & Blogs: Prepared by researchers on the internet. Source for blogs, diaries & forums.
- Focus Groups: Discussions with 1 or more groups (topic based).
- Semi-structured Interviews: Use open-ended questions & allow space for participants to elaborate.
- Discourse analysis: Analysis of language use in a social context.
- Historical & comparative analyses: Analysis of historic data.
- Grounded Theory: Develop theory from data analysis.
- Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA); Approach focussed on how individuals interpret their experiences.
- Narrative approaches: Collection of the participants' stories across the whole experience.
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
- Method to empower stakeholders in health research. Encourages collaboration on research topic, focus & implementation. Involve using arts & performance.
Co-creation
- Collaborative knowledge generation between researchers and community stakeholders to align research and service development. Ensure a commitment to a systems perspective and an emphasis on locally adaptive community-academic partnerships. This involves reflection & feedback within the research process.
Observational Methods
- Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in a natural environment (high ecological validity.
- Undisclosed Observation: Participants are not aware of being observed (potential for reducing observer bias).
- Disclosed Observation: Participants are aware of being watched (potential for influencing behavior).
Health Care Frameworks
- Social Ecological Model of Change: Context of physical activities: socio-cultural, environmental, and psychological components (detailed list provided for each context). • The 'Health Onion': (Model of health determinants as layers of influence - individual lifestyle, social/community, living/working conditions, socio-economic/cultural/environmental).
Risk Factors & How They Can Be Reduced
- The main factors and risk factors affecting health problems.
- Reduction strategies (e.g., reduced diabetes, increase physical activity).
Theoretical Framework for Health Psychology
- Frameworks, theories, and models. The "Health Onion" displays a framework regarding the various determinants of health, and the main influences on the health of individuals.
Research Process
- Detailed research process steps with descriptions of each.
- Techniques for developing questionnaires and interview schedules, including training and selection of interviewers.
- Descriptions of different experimental designs, including between-groups, within-subjects, & mixed-methods designs.
- Importance of random assignment in experiments, manipulation checks, blinding, and other relevant features of experimental designs.
Additional Notes
- The notes provide detailed summaries of various health-related topics, methodologies, and theories.
- It emphasizes the importance of various factors, such as cultural factors, in understanding health issues and interventions.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore essential questions related to health psychology in this comprehensive quiz. Delve into areas such as questionnaire design, ethical practices, core competencies, and the relationship between mental and physical health. Perfect for students seeking a deeper understanding of health promotion and psychology applications.
