Exam 2 Review - Pathophysiology Chapters 8-15

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Questions and Answers

What are the three buffer systems that the body uses to maintain a stable pH?

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system (correct)

Nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system

Respiratory system, renal system, digestive system

Lymphatic system, immune system, circulatory system

Explain how ventilation and diffusion work in the context of gas exchange in the lungs.

Ventilation refers to the process of breathing, which involves inspiration (inhaling air) and expiration (exhaling air). During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and the chest cavity expands, creating a negative pressure that draws air into the lungs. During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and the chest cavity recoils, expelling air from the lungs. Diffusion refers to the movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Which of the following are examples of altered perfusion?

Ventilation-perfusion mismatch

Impaired circulation

Altered cardiac output

All of the above (correct)

What are the main functions of electrolytes in the body?

Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in fluids, such as the blood. These minerals play crucial roles in regulating fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, maintaining blood pH, and supporting various bodily functions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main manifestations of impaired ventilation and diffusion?

Impaired ventilation and diffusion can lead to several clinical manifestations, including shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, chest pain, cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low blood oxygen), and increased heart rate. Signup and view all the answers

Dehydration is a condition characterized by an excess of fluid in the body.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of clinical models for altered acid-base balance?

Metabolic acidosis is one example of a clinical model for altered acid-base balance. This condition occurs when the body produces too much acid or when the kidneys are unable to excrete enough acid. Metabolic acidosis can be caused by various factors, such as diabetes, kidney failure, and severe diarrhea. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary causes of hypovolemia, which is a condition characterized by a deficiency of blood volume?

Hemorrhage, dehydration, severe vomiting, excessive sweating Signup and view all the answers

How does the body regulate fluid intake and excretion?

The body regulates fluid intake and excretion through a complex system that involves multiple organs and hormones. The thirst mechanism triggers fluid intake when the body detects a decrease in fluid volume. The kidneys play a crucial role in excreting excess water and electrolytes through urine. Hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone also help regulate fluid balance. Signup and view all the answers

What are the expected (normal) values of extracellular electrolytes?

The normal values of extracellular electrolytes can vary depending on the individual and the laboratory used for testing. However, a general guideline for normal ranges includes: sodium (135-145 mEq/L), potassium (3.5-5.0 mEq/L), calcium (8.5-10.5 mg/dL), chloride (95-105 mEq/L), and magnesium (1.5-2.5 mEq/L). Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam 2 Review - Pathophysiology

Chapter 8: Altered Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Electrolytes have specific functions in the body
- Electrolyte imbalances can result from various factors (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic use)
- Imbalances affect fluid movement in and out of cells and tissues, and circulation
- Imbalances can lead to conditions like hypovolemia, hemorrhage, dehydration, water intoxication, hypervolemia, and edema
- Body regulates fluid intake and excretion
Chapter 9: Altered Acid-Base Balance
- Maintaining a specific pH is crucial for cellular function
- Imbalances in pH can cause damage to cells and tissues
- Body uses buffer systems to maintain pH
- Metabolic acidosis is a possible outcome of imbalances
Chapter 15: Altered Ventilation and Diffusion
- Ventilation refers to breathing, while diffusion involves gas exchange
- Factors that impair ventilation and diffusion affect gas exchange
- Hypoxia and hypercapnia are potential outcomes of impaired function
- Conditions like impaired ventilation-perfusion matching, impaired diffusion, impaired ventilation can affect gas exchange
Chapter 16: Altered Perfusion
- Perfusion involves blood flow to tissues
- Perfusion is influenced by factors like ventilation and circulation
- Factors negatively affecting perfusion affect the body's oxygen delivery causing different conditions
Clinical Models (Exam 2 diagnoses)
- COPD (Emphysema and chronic bronchitis), Asthma, Cystic fibrosis, Hypertension, Stroke, Shock, Heart failure, Myocardial infarction, Cirrhosis, Dehydration, Metabolic acidosis
- These are examples of conditions caused by dysfunctions in body systems that affect exam 2's topics

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Description

Prepare for your upcoming exam with this comprehensive review covering Chapters 8 to 15 in Pathophysiology. Explore key concepts such as fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and altered ventilation and diffusion. Understand how imbalances in these areas affect the body and learn critical functions and regulatory mechanisms.