NUR 235 Exam 2 Review Fall 2024 PDF

## NUR 235 Fall 2024 Exam 2 Review ### Exam 2 will cover textbook chapters 8, 9, 15, 16. **(Textbook: Applied Pathophysiology, Nath, Fourth edition.)** **Chapter 8: Altered Fluid and Electrolyte Balance** * **Expected (normal) values of extracellular electrolytes (Figure 8.1)** * **What function...

## NUR 235 Fall 2024 Exam 2 Review ### Exam 2 will cover textbook chapters 8, 9, 15, 16. **(Textbook: Applied Pathophysiology, Nath, Fourth edition.)** **Chapter 8: Altered Fluid and Electrolyte Balance** * **Expected (normal) values of extracellular electrolytes (Figure 8.1)** * **What functions do those electrolytes have in our bodies? What happens if they become imbalanced (see Manifestations of Electrolyte Imbalance: Table 8.1)? How do they become imbalanced?** (See the description of each electrolyte imbalance in Chapter 8 - for example, we can lose sodium through vomiting, diarrhea, and sweating. We can lose potassium through diuretic use, severe vomiting, or diarrhea. Renal failure can lead to hyperkalemia. Thyroid disorders, severe burns, kidney failure, vitamin D deficiency, and sepsis may lead to hypocalcemia. And so on.) * **Where do our bodies hold fluids? How do the fluids move in and out of cells and tissues? How do fluids move in and out of circulation (vessels, nephrons)?** * **How do our bodies regulate fluid intake and excretion?** * **Tonicity, including isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic fluids** * **Altered fluid balance: hypovolemia, hemorrhage, dehydration, water intoxication, hypervolemia, edema** * **Models: cirrhosis and dehydration** **Chapter 9: Altered Acid-Base Balance** * **Physiologic pH** * **Why must we maintain the physiologic pH? What happens to cells and tissues when the pH goes out of range?** * **What are the 3 buffer systems that our bodies use to keep the pH in check? How do they work?** * **Model: metabolic acidosis** **Chapter 15: Altered Ventilation and Diffusion** * **How does ventilation work? How does diffusion work?** * Inspiration, expiration, partial pressures, O2 and CO2 transport * **What happens when ventilation and diffusion are impaired?** * Impaired ventilation-perfusion matching * Impaired diffusion * Effects: hypoxemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia * **General manifestations of impaired ventilation and diffusion** * **How to measure impaired ventilation and diffusion** * **How to treat impaired ventilation and diffusion** * **Models: COPD: Emphysema, chronic bronchitis; asthma, cystic fibrosis** **Chapter 16: Altered Perfusion** * **Perfusion** * Path from ventilation to perfusion * Circulatory system: pathway, pulmonary, systemic, cardiac * Function of the heart: * Cardiac cycle * Electrical impulses * Cardiac output * Neural control of heart and blood pressure * **Altered perfusion** * Ventilation-perfusion mismatch * Impaired circulation * Altered cardiac output * Changes in perfusion demands * **Altered perfusion: manifestations, lab and diagnostics, treatments** * **Clinical models: hypertension, shock, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke** **List of all Exam 2 diagnoses (clinical models):** * COPD: Emphysema and chronic bronchitis * Asthma * Cystic fibrosis * Hypertension * Stroke * Shock * Heart failure * Myocardial infarction * Cirrhosis * Dehydration * Metabolic acidosis