Exam 2 Review - NUR 235 Fall 2024

Exam 2 Review - NUR 235 Fall 2024

• Chapters Covered: 8, 9, 15, 16 of the Applied Pathophysiology textbook (4th edition).

Chapter 8: Altered Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

• Electrolyte Values: Expected (normal) extracellular electrolyte values are crucial. Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium) have specific causes (vomiting, diarrhea, renal failure) which impact cells and tissues.
• Fluid Movement: Fluid movement in and out of cells, tissues, and circulation (e.g., nephrons) is a key concept.
• Fluid Intake/Excretion: Regulation of fluid intake and excretion for balance is critical. Conditions like hypovolemia, hemorrhage, dehydration, water intoxication, and hypervolemia/edema are important to understand.
• Fluid Types: Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic are relevant fluid types.

Chapter 9: Altered Acid-Base Balance

• Physiological pH: Maintaining physiologic pH is vital for cellular function.
• Buffer Systems: The body uses 3 buffer systems to maintain pH within a range.
• Metabolic Acidosis: Models, signs and symptoms, tests, and treatment aspects need review.

Chapter 15: Altered Ventilation and Diffusion

• Ventilation Process: Understanding the mechanics of inspiration and expiration.
• Diffusion Process: The exchange of gasses (O2 and CO2) is essential.
• Impaired Ventilation/Diffusion: Consequences of impaired processes (hypoxemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia).
• Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch: Understanding the concept and consequences.
• Models: COPD (emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis) are models to focus on. Models also include conditions such as impaired circulation, altered cardiac output, ventilation-perfusion mismatch.

Chapter 16: Altered Perfusion

• Perfusion Pathway: Path from ventilation to perfusion, including pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems (pathway).
• Circulatory System: Cardiac function and the entire circulatory system are pertinent.

General Study Advice

• Diverse Resources: Utilize textbook, notes, pre-lecture materials, class discussions, and Brightspace videos.
• PowerPoint Supplement: PowerPoint slides should be complemented with textbook and class notes.
• Core Concepts: Focus on the basic foundational concepts (cell response, inflammation, repair, infection).
• Real Diagnoses: Learn the pathophysiology, symptoms, tests, and treatment of provided exam examples of real diagnoses,
• Understanding Why: Don’t just memorize, understand why diseases occur, WHY symptoms occur, and why tests and treatments are employed.
• Critical Thinking: Be prepared for questions that require applying medical knowledge in critical scenarios.
• Exam Format: Be aware that the exam covers 40 questions in 1 hour, the instructions regarding prior notice of accommodations for exam participation (e.g. special needs for time accommodation), and important tips for exam preparation (e.g. quiet exam seating arrangements).
• Academic Honesty: Understanding the exam guidelines and academic dishonesty policies.