Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which sentence correctly uses a demonstrative adjective?
Which sentence correctly uses a demonstrative adjective?
- She enjoyed those who supported her.
- That feeling of accomplishment is unparalleled. (correct)
- This quickly became her favorite spot.
- The books over there are interesting.
In the sentence, 'The challenges that he overcame inspired many,' what is the function of 'that'?
In the sentence, 'The challenges that he overcame inspired many,' what is the function of 'that'?
- Relative Pronoun (correct)
- Demonstrative Adjective
- Coordinating Conjunction
- Subordinating Conjunction
Which of the following is an example of a 'marked' plural?
Which of the following is an example of a 'marked' plural?
- Houses
- Cars
- Dogs
- Children (correct)
Identify the mood used in the following sentence: 'Submit your assignments by Friday.'
Identify the mood used in the following sentence: 'Submit your assignments by Friday.'
Which sentence uses the subjunctive mood correctly to express a condition contrary to fact?
Which sentence uses the subjunctive mood correctly to express a condition contrary to fact?
According to the provided classification, which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to categorize vowels?
According to the provided classification, which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to categorize vowels?
In which of the following words is the schwa sound /ə/ most likely to be found?
In which of the following words is the schwa sound /ə/ most likely to be found?
Which of the following words exemplifies a 'glottal stop' sound?
Which of the following words exemplifies a 'glottal stop' sound?
Which of the following consonant pairs are both articulated at the alveolar ridge?
Which of the following consonant pairs are both articulated at the alveolar ridge?
Which of the following place of articulation and manner of articulation pairings is incorrect?
Which of the following place of articulation and manner of articulation pairings is incorrect?
Identify the word that contains an alveolar tap.
Identify the word that contains an alveolar tap.
Which minimal pair demonstrates a contrast solely based on the voicing of a fricative, aligning with distinctions in 'Manner of Articulation'?
Which minimal pair demonstrates a contrast solely based on the voicing of a fricative, aligning with distinctions in 'Manner of Articulation'?
Considering the provided information, which of the following sentences most accurately demonstrates the interplay between vowel sounds, stress, and tense, where alterations could shift both meaning and grammatical correctness?
Considering the provided information, which of the following sentences most accurately demonstrates the interplay between vowel sounds, stress, and tense, where alterations could shift both meaning and grammatical correctness?
Which tense is correctly identified by its structure?
Which tense is correctly identified by its structure?
Which sentence exemplifies the Simple Past tense?
Which sentence exemplifies the Simple Past tense?
Identify the sentence that uses the Present Continuous tense correctly.
Identify the sentence that uses the Present Continuous tense correctly.
Which option represents the Future Continuous tense?
Which option represents the Future Continuous tense?
Which of the following sentences correctly uses the Past Perfect tense?
Which of the following sentences correctly uses the Past Perfect tense?
Select the sentence that accurately uses the Present Perfect tense.
Select the sentence that accurately uses the Present Perfect tense.
A detective is reviewing case files. He notes, 'The suspect had destroyed all the evidence before the police arrived.' Considering the sequence of events, which tense accurately conveys the suspect's action relative to the police's arrival?
A detective is reviewing case files. He notes, 'The suspect had destroyed all the evidence before the police arrived.' Considering the sequence of events, which tense accurately conveys the suspect's action relative to the police's arrival?
Imagine a historian writing about a future archaeological discovery: "By 2342, archaeologists will have unearthed the lost city of Zerzura, rewriting our understanding of pre-Saharan civilizations." Which tense most accurately captures the completion of the city's unearthing relative to the future point in time?
Imagine a historian writing about a future archaeological discovery: "By 2342, archaeologists will have unearthed the lost city of Zerzura, rewriting our understanding of pre-Saharan civilizations." Which tense most accurately captures the completion of the city's unearthing relative to the future point in time?
Which tense is used to describe an action that began in the past and is still ongoing in the present?
Which tense is used to describe an action that began in the past and is still ongoing in the present?
In the sentence, 'By next year, I will have been working here for a decade,' which tense is used?
In the sentence, 'By next year, I will have been working here for a decade,' which tense is used?
Which of the following sentences correctly uses the Past Perfect Continuous tense?
Which of the following sentences correctly uses the Past Perfect Continuous tense?
Identify the function of the infinitive phrase in the following sentence: 'His ambition is to become a doctor.'
Identify the function of the infinitive phrase in the following sentence: 'His ambition is to become a doctor.'
Which sentence demonstrates the correct usage of a gerund?
Which sentence demonstrates the correct usage of a gerund?
In the complex sentence 'You will have been waiting for hours when the train finally arrives,' what aspect of the waiting period does the future perfect continuous tense emphasize?
In the complex sentence 'You will have been waiting for hours when the train finally arrives,' what aspect of the waiting period does the future perfect continuous tense emphasize?
How does the use of the perfect continuous tense, as opposed to the simple perfect tense, alter the emphasis of an action completed before a future point?
How does the use of the perfect continuous tense, as opposed to the simple perfect tense, alter the emphasis of an action completed before a future point?
Consider two sentences: (1) 'By 2025, I will have written my novel', and (2) 'By 2025, I will have been writing my novel'. What subtle difference in meaning is conveyed by the use of the future perfect tense in the first sentence versus the future perfect continuous tense in the second?
Consider two sentences: (1) 'By 2025, I will have written my novel', and (2) 'By 2025, I will have been writing my novel'. What subtle difference in meaning is conveyed by the use of the future perfect tense in the first sentence versus the future perfect continuous tense in the second?
In the sentence, 'Sismars hates canned sardines,' what is the grammatical function of 'canned'?
In the sentence, 'Sismars hates canned sardines,' what is the grammatical function of 'canned'?
Identify the sentence that follows the Subject-Linking Verb-Subject Complement (S-LV-SC) pattern.
Identify the sentence that follows the Subject-Linking Verb-Subject Complement (S-LV-SC) pattern.
Which sentence demonstrates the Subject-Transitive Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object (S-TV-IO-DO) pattern?
Which sentence demonstrates the Subject-Transitive Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object (S-TV-IO-DO) pattern?
Which of the following sentences is a compound sentence?
Which of the following sentences is a compound sentence?
Identify the complex sentence among the following options.
Identify the complex sentence among the following options.
Which of the following sentences exemplifies a compound-complex sentence structure?
Which of the following sentences exemplifies a compound-complex sentence structure?
In which sentence does the demonstrative pronoun correctly replace a noun to avoid redundancy?
In which sentence does the demonstrative pronoun correctly replace a noun to avoid redundancy?
Analyze the potential ambiguity in the sentence 'The candidates gave a speech to the audience' by re-interpreting it using an S-TV-DO-OC pattern, and then, from the perspective of the audience, identify the most subtle yet grammatically plausible alternative meaning that could be derived.
Analyze the potential ambiguity in the sentence 'The candidates gave a speech to the audience' by re-interpreting it using an S-TV-DO-OC pattern, and then, from the perspective of the audience, identify the most subtle yet grammatically plausible alternative meaning that could be derived.
Which teaching method focuses on reducing the affective filter of students to improve learning?
Which teaching method focuses on reducing the affective filter of students to improve learning?
In Community Language Learning (CLL), what role does the teacher primarily assume?
In Community Language Learning (CLL), what role does the teacher primarily assume?
What is a core principle of the Silent Way methodology?
What is a core principle of the Silent Way methodology?
Which of the following methodologies uses the 'silent period' as its primary mechanism for language acquisition?
Which of the following methodologies uses the 'silent period' as its primary mechanism for language acquisition?
Which phenomenon is most closely associated with group work in CLL, potentially hindering individual contribution?
Which phenomenon is most closely associated with group work in CLL, potentially hindering individual contribution?
Which sounds are most relevant when teaching the pronunciation of plural nouns in English?
Which sounds are most relevant when teaching the pronunciation of plural nouns in English?
What distinguishes consonants from vowels in terms of sound production?
What distinguishes consonants from vowels in terms of sound production?
In phonetics, what term describes different phonetic variations of the same underlying phoneme?
In phonetics, what term describes different phonetic variations of the same underlying phoneme?
Under what conditions is a voiceless stop consonant typically aspirated in English?
Under what conditions is a voiceless stop consonant typically aspirated in English?
Given what you know about acoustic phonetics, which of the following changes would require the most conscious articulatory adjustment to shift from a perfectly articulated monophthong to a centralized diphthong, without altering the perceived vowel quality during normal speech?
Given what you know about acoustic phonetics, which of the following changes would require the most conscious articulatory adjustment to shift from a perfectly articulated monophthong to a centralized diphthong, without altering the perceived vowel quality during normal speech?
Which of the following words contains only a free morpheme?
Which of the following words contains only a free morpheme?
In the word 'unbreakable', which of the following describes 'break'?
In the word 'unbreakable', which of the following describes 'break'?
Which of the following represents a word formed through 'blending'?
Which of the following represents a word formed through 'blending'?
Which term best describes the word formation process of 'condo' from 'condominium'?
Which term best describes the word formation process of 'condo' from 'condominium'?
Which of the following is an example of an acronym?
Which of the following is an example of an acronym?
In the context of morphology, which option explains how 'sing,' 'sings,' and 'singing' are related?
In the context of morphology, which option explains how 'sing,' 'sings,' and 'singing' are related?
Consider the words 'black' and 'board' joining to form 'blackboard.' Which word formation process does this exemplify?
Consider the words 'black' and 'board' joining to form 'blackboard.' Which word formation process does this exemplify?
Given the terms 'morpheme,' 'lexeme,' and 'word formation,' which statement most accurately captures their interrelation in the context of linguistic analysis?
Given the terms 'morpheme,' 'lexeme,' and 'word formation,' which statement most accurately captures their interrelation in the context of linguistic analysis?
Which of the following best describes Situational Language Teaching (SLT)?
Which of the following best describes Situational Language Teaching (SLT)?
In Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), what is the primary goal of a lesson or unit?
In Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), what is the primary goal of a lesson or unit?
Which morphophonemic process is exemplified by the change from 'anemone' to 'anenome'?
Which morphophonemic process is exemplified by the change from 'anemone' to 'anenome'?
What morphophonemic process is illustrated in the pronunciation change of 'handbag' to /haem-bag/?
What morphophonemic process is illustrated in the pronunciation change of 'handbag' to /haem-bag/?
Which of the following exemplifies the morphophonemic process of 'epenthesis'?
Which of the following exemplifies the morphophonemic process of 'epenthesis'?
How would a structuralist view language learning?
How would a structuralist view language learning?
If a linguist describes language as a 'generative and creative process', which language view do they likely subscribe to?
If a linguist describes language as a 'generative and creative process', which language view do they likely subscribe to?
Imagine a language undergoing rapid evolution where certain consonant sounds are systematically dropped in unstressed syllables to streamline pronunciation. Which of the following theoretical frameworks would best allow linguists to categorize this phenomenon, if their primary goal is to model and predict these phonetic deletions based on identified prosodic patterns?
Imagine a language undergoing rapid evolution where certain consonant sounds are systematically dropped in unstressed syllables to streamline pronunciation. Which of the following theoretical frameworks would best allow linguists to categorize this phenomenon, if their primary goal is to model and predict these phonetic deletions based on identified prosodic patterns?
Which of Halliday's metafunctions focuses on how language constructs meaning through experiences and logical relationships?
Which of Halliday's metafunctions focuses on how language constructs meaning through experiences and logical relationships?
In Halliday's micro-functions of language, which function is primarily concerned with establishing and developing social relationships?
In Halliday's micro-functions of language, which function is primarily concerned with establishing and developing social relationships?
According to the Monitor Model Theory, what is the primary role of 'learning' in language acquisition?
According to the Monitor Model Theory, what is the primary role of 'learning' in language acquisition?
Which of the following best describes the 'Affective Filter Hypothesis' in Krashen's Monitor Model?
Which of the following best describes the 'Affective Filter Hypothesis' in Krashen's Monitor Model?
Dell Hymes' Communicative Competence Model, expanded by Canale and Swain, includes which component that emphasizes the appropriate use of language in different social contexts?
Dell Hymes' Communicative Competence Model, expanded by Canale and Swain, includes which component that emphasizes the appropriate use of language in different social contexts?
Which function of language, according to Roman Jakobson, aims primarily to establish, prolong, or discontinue communication?
Which function of language, according to Roman Jakobson, aims primarily to establish, prolong, or discontinue communication?
A teacher uses simplified texts and visual aids to teach English to recent immigrants. According to Krashen's Input Hypothesis, this approach is most effective if the materials are...
A teacher uses simplified texts and visual aids to teach English to recent immigrants. According to Krashen's Input Hypothesis, this approach is most effective if the materials are...
Considering Halliday's micro-functions, if a child says, 'I want juice!' to obtain a drink, which language function is being primarily employed?
Considering Halliday's micro-functions, if a child says, 'I want juice!' to obtain a drink, which language function is being primarily employed?
Which characteristic most accurately defines a 'nonce' word?
Which characteristic most accurately defines a 'nonce' word?
Within the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) of language teaching, what pedagogical technique is most emphasized?
Within the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) of language teaching, what pedagogical technique is most emphasized?
What is a primary focus of the Grammar-Translation Method (GTM) in language teaching?
What is a primary focus of the Grammar-Translation Method (GTM) in language teaching?
Which of the following best describes a core tenet of the Direct Method (DM) regarding language instruction?
Which of the following best describes a core tenet of the Direct Method (DM) regarding language instruction?
Suggestopedia asserts that optimal learning occurs when?
Suggestopedia asserts that optimal learning occurs when?
In the Direct Method, demonstrations are favored over translations. Why?
In the Direct Method, demonstrations are favored over translations. Why?
Imagine a teacher using the Grammar-Translation Method to teach English to Japanese speakers. Which activity would be most representative of this approach?
Imagine a teacher using the Grammar-Translation Method to teach English to Japanese speakers. Which activity would be most representative of this approach?
A language teacher aims to create a 'safe' and 'womb-like' environment, incorporating music and relaxation exercises. Which language teaching method is this teacher likely employing?
A language teacher aims to create a 'safe' and 'womb-like' environment, incorporating music and relaxation exercises. Which language teaching method is this teacher likely employing?
In the sentence, 'It should be raining this month,' what grammatical elements are present?
In the sentence, 'It should be raining this month,' what grammatical elements are present?
Which of the following sentences contains a conjunct?
Which of the following sentences contains a conjunct?
Which sentence contains a nonfinite verb phrase?
Which sentence contains a nonfinite verb phrase?
In the sentence, 'The highly suspicious man was arrested,' what type of adjective phrase is 'highly suspicious'?
In the sentence, 'The highly suspicious man was arrested,' what type of adjective phrase is 'highly suspicious'?
Which adjective is non-gradable?
Which adjective is non-gradable?
Which of the following sentences contains an adverb phrase indicating time?
Which of the following sentences contains an adverb phrase indicating time?
Which sentence is written in the passive voice?
Which sentence is written in the passive voice?
In which sentence does the underlined word function as a conjunctive adverb?
In which sentence does the underlined word function as a conjunctive adverb?
Which conditional sentence expresses a situation that is contrary to past reality?
Which conditional sentence expresses a situation that is contrary to past reality?
Which option is a phrase and not a clause?
Which option is a phrase and not a clause?
Which of the following phrases functions as an adverbial?
Which of the following phrases functions as an adverbial?
In the sentence, 'The old, wooden house stood on the hill,' which is the correct breakdown of the noun phrase?
In the sentence, 'The old, wooden house stood on the hill,' which is the correct breakdown of the noun phrase?
Identify the sentence that demonstrates an inverted sentence structure.
Identify the sentence that demonstrates an inverted sentence structure.
Which of the following examples represents a conjunctional phrase?
Which of the following examples represents a conjunctional phrase?
Which of the following sentences contains an appositive phrase?
Which of the following sentences contains an appositive phrase?
Which grammatical approach focuses on how language is actually used in everyday contexts, rather than prescribing rules?
Which grammatical approach focuses on how language is actually used in everyday contexts, rather than prescribing rules?
In the sentence, 'He gave her the book,' which noun case does 'her' exemplify?
In the sentence, 'He gave her the book,' which noun case does 'her' exemplify?
Analyzing Chomsky’s Transformational Grammar's concept of 'deep structure', which statement most accurately captures its role in understanding sentence formation across languages, considering variations such as active and passive voice?
Analyzing Chomsky’s Transformational Grammar's concept of 'deep structure', which statement most accurately captures its role in understanding sentence formation across languages, considering variations such as active and passive voice?
In the following sentence, identify the type of phrase: 'Singing in the rain is exhilarating.'
In the following sentence, identify the type of phrase: 'Singing in the rain is exhilarating.'
Which of the following phrases demonstrates the possessive (genitive) case?
Which of the following phrases demonstrates the possessive (genitive) case?
In the phrase, 'a golden opportunity,' what type of adjective is 'golden'?
In the phrase, 'a golden opportunity,' what type of adjective is 'golden'?
Which sentence contains a verb phrase with a main verb and a modifier?
Which sentence contains a verb phrase with a main verb and a modifier?
Identify the sentence that contains an intensive (emphatic) pronoun.
Identify the sentence that contains an intensive (emphatic) pronoun.
Which of the following most accurately portrays the distinction between reflexive and intensive pronouns, considering their role concerning grammatical necessity and emphasis?
Which of the following most accurately portrays the distinction between reflexive and intensive pronouns, considering their role concerning grammatical necessity and emphasis?
Which of the following abbreviations should typically include periods, based solely on general US English punctuation conventions?
Which of the following abbreviations should typically include periods, based solely on general US English punctuation conventions?
In which example is word formation best described as 'repurposing'?
In which example is word formation best described as 'repurposing'?
Which of the following exemplifies word formation through 'reduplication'?
Which of the following exemplifies word formation through 'reduplication'?
Which of the following sentences contains an example of 'complementation'?
Which of the following sentences contains an example of 'complementation'?
Which sentence employs elliptical coordination?
Which sentence employs elliptical coordination?
In the exchange, 'A: You look great! B: So do you!', which method of achieving cohesion is used?
In the exchange, 'A: You look great! B: So do you!', which method of achieving cohesion is used?
Among the sentences provided, identify the one that demonstrates parataxis.
Among the sentences provided, identify the one that demonstrates parataxis.
Achieving cohesion involves creating logical bridges within a text. Which option distinctly relies on lexical relations to connect ideas, where a general term is used to refer back to a specific entity previously mentioned?
Achieving cohesion involves creating logical bridges within a text. Which option distinctly relies on lexical relations to connect ideas, where a general term is used to refer back to a specific entity previously mentioned?
Flashcards
What is The IPA?
What is The IPA?
The study of speech sounds and their production
Vowel Classification
Vowel Classification
Vowels are categorized based on frontness/backness, highness/lowness, and roundedness of the tongue and lips.
What is Schwa /ə/?
What is Schwa /ə/?
This is a weak vowel sound found in unstressed syllables.
Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative Adjective
Signup and view all the flashcards
Places of Articulation
Places of Articulation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Relative Pronoun
Relative Pronoun
Signup and view all the flashcards
Manner of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are Plosives?
What are Plosives?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Markedness
Markedness
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are Fricatives?
What are Fricatives?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mood (Grammar)
Mood (Grammar)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Indicative Mood
Indicative Mood
Signup and view all the flashcards
Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
Signup and view all the flashcards
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Signup and view all the flashcards
Future Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gerunds
Gerunds
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infinitives
Infinitives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infinitive as a Noun
Infinitive as a Noun
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infinitive as an Adjective
Infinitive as an Adjective
Signup and view all the flashcards
Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Simple Future Tense
Simple Future Tense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Future Continuous Tense
Future Continuous Tense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Participle
Participle
Signup and view all the flashcards
S-IV Pattern
S-IV Pattern
Signup and view all the flashcards
S-LV-(S)C Pattern
S-LV-(S)C Pattern
Signup and view all the flashcards
S-TV-DO Pattern
S-TV-DO Pattern
Signup and view all the flashcards
S-TV-IO-DO Pattern
S-TV-IO-DO Pattern
Signup and view all the flashcards
Compound Sentence
Compound Sentence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Complex Sentence
Complex Sentence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Compound-Complex Sentence
Compound-Complex Sentence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Verb Type
Verb Type
Signup and view all the flashcards
Consonants vs. Vowels
Consonants vs. Vowels
Signup and view all the flashcards
Allophones
Allophones
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aspiration
Aspiration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Monophthong
Monophthong
Signup and view all the flashcards
Free Morphemes
Free Morphemes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lexical Morphemes
Lexical Morphemes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Functional Morphemes
Functional Morphemes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bound Morphemes
Bound Morphemes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inflectional Morphemes
Inflectional Morphemes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Derivational Morphemes
Derivational Morphemes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Root
Root
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lexemes
Lexemes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suggestopedia
Suggestopedia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Community Language Learning (CLL)
Community Language Learning (CLL)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Silent Way
Silent Way
Signup and view all the flashcards
Total Physical Response (TPR)
Total Physical Response (TPR)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Natural Approach
Natural Approach
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nonce Word
Nonce Word
Signup and view all the flashcards
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Grammar-Translation Method (GTM)
Grammar-Translation Method (GTM)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Direct Method (DM)
Direct Method (DM)
Signup and view all the flashcards
No Native Language
No Native Language
Signup and view all the flashcards
Don't Translate-Demonstrate
Don't Translate-Demonstrate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Don't Explain - ACT
Don't Explain - ACT
Signup and view all the flashcards
Situational Language Teaching (SLT)
Situational Language Teaching (SLT)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Metathesis
Metathesis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epenthesis
Epenthesis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Deletion (Ellision)
Deletion (Ellision)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Assimilation
Assimilation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dissimilation
Dissimilation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Structuralist View of Language
Structuralist View of Language
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conative Function
Conative Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phatic Function
Phatic Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Metalingual Function
Metalingual Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Poetic Function
Poetic Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Instrumental Function
Instrumental Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Regulatory Function
Regulatory Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heuristic Function
Heuristic Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acquisition vs. Learning
Acquisition vs. Learning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conjuncts
Conjuncts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gradable Adjective
Gradable Adjective
Signup and view all the flashcards
Passive Sentences
Passive Sentences
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fragment (Sentence)
Fragment (Sentence)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phrase
Phrase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clause
Clause
Signup and view all the flashcards
Constituent
Constituent
Signup and view all the flashcards
Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Verb Phrase
Verb Phrase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Finite Verb Phrase
Finite Verb Phrase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nonfinite Verb Phrase
Nonfinite Verb Phrase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adjective Phrase
Adjective Phrase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Attributive Adjective Phrase
Attributive Adjective Phrase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Predicative Adjective Phrase
Predicative Adjective Phrase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adverb Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Subordinating Conjunction
Subordinating Conjunction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conjunctive Adverb
Conjunctive Adverb
Signup and view all the flashcards
Zero Conditional
Zero Conditional
Signup and view all the flashcards
First Conditional
First Conditional
Signup and view all the flashcards
Second Conditional
Second Conditional
Signup and view all the flashcards
Third Conditional
Third Conditional
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inverted Sentence
Inverted Sentence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Descriptive Adjectives
Descriptive Adjectives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Possessive adjective
Possessive adjective
Signup and view all the flashcards
Repurposing (Word Formation)
Repurposing (Word Formation)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reduplication (Word Formation)
Reduplication (Word Formation)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Error (Word Formation)
Error (Word Formation)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Predication (Syntax)
Predication (Syntax)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Modification (Syntax)
Modification (Syntax)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Statement sentence
Statement sentence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Taxis
Taxis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Parataxis
Parataxis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Monitor Model Theory [Stephen Krashen]
- According to Krashen, acquisition is better than learning
- Learning only serves as a monitor or editor
- Acquisition is responsible for the fluent production of sounds and utterances
Natural Order Hypothesis
- Language is learned in a predictable pattern: -ing, plural -s, copula, auxiliary, article, irregular past, regular past, third-person singular, possessive -s.
Monitor Hypothesis
- Learned competence functions as a monitor
- Edits or self-corrects language input
- Krashen warned that 'monitor' can be a barrier
Input Hypothesis
- Students must be exposed to comprehensible (i+1) inputs
- Inputs should be a little beyond their current language ability
Affective Filter Hypothesis
- When the filter is high, self-confidence is low
- Low self-confidence means there is a lower chance for input to be taken in
Communicative Competence Model (Dell Hymes, expounded by Canale and Swain)
- Grammatical/ Linguistic: mastery of the language code
- Sociolinguistic: appropriateness of utterances
- Discourse: mastery of producing coherent and cohesive language outputs
- Strategic: learner's ability to solve communication issues
Co-Operative Principle [Paul Grice]
- "Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you engaged."
- Quantity: informative but no more, no less
- Quality: truthfulness
- Relation: relevance
- Manner: clear, brief, orderly
Gradable pairs
- Spectrum where trait is "more or less"
Modalities
- Analytic: always true
- Contradictory: always false
- Synthetic: can be true or false
Hedges
- Linguistic device used to express uncertainty, caution, or probability in a sentence (cautious speech)
Deixis
- Pointing language
Periodic sentence
- Begins with phrases or dependent clauses and ends with independent clause
- Example: After popping several balloons, the parents revealed the baby's gender
Suprasegmental phonology
- Prosodic features of sounds: stress, timing, and intonation
Types and Classes of Adjectives
- Coordinate: e.g., black and pink dress
- Demonstrative: e.g., That heart used to be mine
- Descriptive: e.g., He called his ex a lying bitch
- Distributive: e.g., I don’t want to hear any news about the pandemic
- Includes each, every, either, neither, none, both, any, and one
- Indefinite: e.g., Do you have many cats?
- Interrogative: e.g., What topic do you want?
- Possessive: e.g., Don’t touch my Prada
- Predicate: e.g., You are gorgeous
- Proper: e.g., I love Japanese ramen
- Quantitative/Numeral/Cardinal:
- e.g., I have two cats
- Sequence: e.g., Your first take for the LEPT will be your last
- Articles as adjectives: e.g., You are the apple of my eye
Pronouns
- Personal
- Reflexive [DO, IO, OP]: e.g., She gave herself some comfort
- Intensive/Emphatic: e.g., She herself gave the comfort
- Demonstrative
- Indefinite (few, none, all, some)
- Interrogative
- Distributive: e.g., neither, either, each, everyone (one at a time)
- Reciprocal: e.g., We love each other.
- Relative: e.g., The subject, which has been making your head ache, will make you successful
- Possessive
Punctuating Abbreviations
- Periods are always used in Latin abbreviations but not with contractions
- US and UK abbreviations differ from each other
- A period usually ends abbreviation of a title or names of institutions (Mr. Mrs. Co. Inc.)
- Can be omitted after professional and personal titles (Dr Mr Ms) and names of institutions and countries (USA RCBC DPWH)
- Three-initial of a person's name often used within institution may not have periods and are are always unspaced
- first and middle name initials used with surnames, may have space and periods
- FDR = Franklin Delano Roosevelt, T.S. Eliot.
Word Formation
- Repurposing: a word formed by taking a word from one context and applying it to another context (e.g., computer mouse)
- Reduplication: repetition or near-repetition of words or sounds (e.g., goody-goody, helter skelter, picnic, claptrap)
- Error: misspellings, mishearings, mispronunciations, and mistranscriptions that led to forming new words (scramble originated as a variant of scrabble but had separate meanings over time)
Syntactic Structures
- Predication: Rachel knew about Mondler
- Modification: talking toy, student council, beautiful liar
- Complementation
Taxis
- Dependence of clauses in a complex clause
Parataxis
- "Arranging side-by-side"
- does not use words to indicate conjunction and subordination (e.g., Para sayo ang exam, ang pagpasa, ang lisensya)
Hypotaxis
- arranging under or beneath
- subordination of one clause to another
Common Sentence Errors
- Dangling modifier: Having read the book, the movie will be blockbuster
- Misplaced modifier: The minister chatted informally about the cost of living with several women
- Squinting modifier: Government offices are open on Saturdays only in the country
- Faulty parallelism: I like eating better than to bake.
Language Views
- Structuralists: Language, as a system, possessesa structure that governs the aspects of every element of a whole and focuses on the students' mastery of the codes and systems of language.
- Transformationalists: Humans are naturally inventive, allowing them to creatively produce new combinations of words
- Functionalists: Structures can be best analyzed when referred to the functions they carry-out in a communicative context
- Interactionists: Language is a product of human desire to communicate with another
Nature of Language
- Language is something learned
- Language is related to the culture of society
- Language is species-specific, uniformed, and unique to humans
- Language is a system of systems
- Language is primarily vocal
- Language is a skill subject
- Language is arbitrary
Characteristics of Language
- Conventional and non-instinctive
- Productivity and creativity
- Duality
- Displacement
- Humanness
- Universality
General Functions of Language
- Interpersonal: fulfills human needs to exchange experiences (e.g., “Let's talk.", "Come with me")
- Informative: Language is a packet of information
- Performatice: Communicate intent or report an action (e.g., "I do.", "I apologize.")
- Expressive: Express oneself
- (ex: "That's great!", "You are such a happy pill.")
Jakobson's Functions of Language
- Referential (context): Describes a situation
- Emotive (sender): Focuses on the sender's feelings
- Conative (receiver): Speaker purposively to persuade or influence the receiver
- Phatic (channel): Establishes, suspends, or maintains the channel
- Metalingual (code): Reflexive
- Poetic (message): Descriptive language
Halliday's Functions of Language
- Halliday’s Metafunctions of Language*
- Ideational
- Interpersonal
- Textual
- Halliday’s Micro-Functions of Language*
- Instrumental: Using language to express needs, desires, preferences, choices
- Regulatory: Demanding attention, controlling, influencing people
- Interactional: To develop relationships and smooth interactions
- Personal: Convey emotions, attitudes, and identity
- Heuristic: To learn new things and gain knowledge
- Imaginative: Get into the world of fantasy
- Representational: Convey facts, explain ideas, and observations
Community (or Collaborative) Language Learning (CLL) Two Methods
- removing affective filter (a. desuggestion )
- addition of facilitating memory (an addition of suggestion)
- Teachers are counselors & paraphrasers*
- group dynamics* Ask in L1, answer in L2* negative effect: Ringelmann Effect
Silent Way
- use of color rods (Cuisenaire Rods) to develop self-awareness and discovery using physical objects through discovery learning.
Total Physical Response (TPR)
- students listen a lot and the instructor directs acting students
Natural Approach
- "Silent period" (listening only) until children are ready to speak
Situational Language Teaching (SLT)
- accurate pronunciation and grammar to respond quickly
Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
- a lesson or unit must be designed and helps learners to complete a task
Morphonemic Processes
- Metathesis Change order ( tragedy becomes tradegy)
- Epenthesis Insertion of vowel (strike suturaiku)
- Deletion Deletion of unaccented vowels (believe /b'liv/)
- Assimilation change surrounding sounds (handbag/haem-bag/
- Dissimilation- change to become less similar to surrounding sounds (fifth/fift/)
Branches of Linguistics
- Micro-linguistics (Theoretical): Studies the nature of language, what it is all about and how it works
- Phonology: studies the system of sounds, abstract properties
- (Phonetics): studies the physical properties of sounds; speech sounds
- Morphology: studies how words are formed
- Syntax: focuses on the arrangement of words and phrases to form sentences
- Semantics: study of linguistic meaning of words and sentences - “conceptual meaning"
- Pragmatics: study of language meaning/ use "contextual meaning"
- Phonology: studies the system of sounds, abstract properties
- Macro-linguistics: Language at a broader perspective; concerned with how a language is acquired or how it relates to society as a whole
- Sociolinguistics: Patterns and variations in language within a society or community; effects of cultural factors
- Psycholinguistics: Concerned with the processes related to word cognition and learning (language acquisition)
- Computational: Application of computer science in the analysis of language and speech
- Historical (diachronic): Study of language change or change of a group of languages over time
- Comparative: Comparing languages to establish their similarities and differences
- Structural: Based on theories and principles that language is composed of structural units such as lexical and syntactic elements
- Biolinguistics: Aims to explain the evolution and formation of language
- Applied: Application of language studies in real life, such as in language teaching and learning
- Clinical: For speech language pathology
- Developmental: Development of linguistic ability, esp. children
- Linguistic typology: Classify languages according to their structural and functional components
- Neurolinguistics: Studies the relationship between language and the functions of the brain
- Etymology: Investigates the origins of words, their birth, development, etc.
Morphemes (Classifications)
- Free morphemes: Can stand on their own
- eg, future, adventure, write, create
- Lexical*: (content words) Contain meaning of the messages - eg, nouns, verbs, modifiers
- Functional*: Words in the sentence that modify meaning eg, determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, interjections, auxiliary
- Bound morphemes*: Cannot stand on their own
- eg, -ism, -ous, re-, -tion
- Inflectional*: s, es, ed, en, ing, er, 's, est
- Derivational*: ly, un, ness, ful, etc.
Root vs Stem vs Base
- Root morph*: That is not further breakable or analyzable
- eg, love
- Stem*: Concerned with inflectional morphology
- eg, lovers
- Base*: Any form to which affixes can be attached
- eg, love, lover
Lexemes
- Units of lexical meaning which are related with inflections
- eg, write, writes, writing, written (same lexemes)
- write, unwritten (different lexemes) ###. Word formation Etymology
- Compounding: Joining of two separate words to produce a single form
- ex: bookcase, doorknob, wallpaper etc*
- Blending: Combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term ex: gasohol (gasoline made from alcohol), smurk (smoke, murk), smog, motel (motor, hotel), telecast (television, broadcast), bit (binary, digit), urinalysis (urine, analysis)*
- Clipping: When a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form fax (facsimile), ad (advertisement), bra (brassiere), cab (cabriolet), condo, pub (public house), flu, fan, perm, phone, plane, math, chem etc.
- Acronyms: Formed from initial letters of a set of other words ex: , VCR, laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus), zip (zone improvement plan), snafu (situation normal, all fouled up)*
- /Backformation*: A word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb) ex: donation --> donate, babysitter--> babysit, television--> televise*
- Conversion: A change in function of a word, for example, a noun used as a verb (without reduction) ex: butter (n.), chair (n.)
Butter (v.) the bread. >Chair (v.) the meeting. Derivation: adding affixes
- Prefixes and suffixes ex: fatherhood, mislead, disrespectful, foolishness infixes- Singabloodypore!, Hallebloodylujah!, Absogoddamlutely!
###Language Teaching Approaches
- Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)
- Army Method
- Heavily oriented towards aural and oral exercises
- Mim-mem (behaviorism and structuralism) Drills
- Grammar Transition Method (GTM) -- Emphasis on Grammar and Translation -- Mother Tongue -- Not Into Speaking -- Exposure to Literature
- Direct Method(DM) / Natural Method --No usage own language, Inductive --Drills in Listening and Speaking, imitation, no Memorization --Don't Explain-Act, Ask --Don't Translate-Demonstrate
- / Suggestopedia* --"Learning achieves its maximum success when the mind Is relaxed " -- Students Should Feel safe(as if in the womb).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This session covers the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), including vowels (monophthongs and diphthongs) and consonant sounds. It also discusses English verb tenses: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect continuous tenses, explaining how each tense is used to indicate time and duration of actions.
