Session 3: Structure of English PDF

PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 SESSION 3: STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH...

PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 SESSION 3: STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH Points to remember: Conjuncts: words and phrases joined by conjunctions ex: Mochi is a girl who likes being alone but who makes a lot of noise. (The underlined phrases are relative clauses and conjuncts joined by “but”). Gradable adjective- an adjective with a comparative or superlative degree healthy- healthier, healthiest (gradable) perfect- (non-gradable) Passive sentences: -have auxiliary verbs + past participle -The subject is not the doer of the action. John Milton is the Greatest Neologist, contributing 630 new words to our dictionary. FRAGMENT vs CLAUSE vs PHRASE FRAGMENT- missing subject, verb, complete thought CLAUSE - phrases with a subject and a verb PHRASE - single unit that forms a constituent, no complete thought ex: My active dog is a husky. ►sentence/ clause My active dog ► fragment, phrase Constituent/s- a word or a group of words that function as a single unit within a hierarchical structure PHRASES A. NOUN PHRASE Determiner + noun the dog, my husky, an actress Determiner + single modifier + noun the gorgeous teacher, my sleepy cat, the awful singer Determiner + series of modifiers + noun the cute Persian cat, the big red hotdog Modifier + noun plastic bottle, menthol candy NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 Other noun phrases: A. Appositive phrase Donna, the Social Studiess coach, is the best. B. Infinitive phrase To give up is my last option. C. Gerund phrase Teaching those who don’t want to learn is hard. D. Participial phrase Smiling from ear to ear, she accepted the proposal. B. VERB PHRASE Main verb + modifier He drives recklessly. Auxiliary verb + main verb He is eating. Modal + main verb She will go to the hospital. Modal + auxiliary + main verb It should be raining this month. Auxiliary verb + main verb + modifer/ complement She was sitting patiently. VERB PHRASES are classified as: FINITE- contains a single verb I fed my cats. NONFINITE- contains two or three verbs Twirly has been going around the neighborhood. C. ADJECTIVE PHRASE- consisting of an adjective as the head of the phrase and all the cluster of words around it that modifies a noun or pronoun A. Attributive The highly suspicious man was arrested. B. Predicative Your blue eyes are absolutely enticing to me. D. ADVERB PHRASE Next week, the LET results will be released. You write so legibly. manner, place, reason, time E. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE Get that thing out of my sight. You rant so much about your boss. I will turn you into a frog. E. ADVERBIALS The players arrived at the gymnasium. The cow jumped over the moon. Whenever he travels, he takes snapshots. Timmy smiled as if he won first place. NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 F. CONJUNCTIONAL PHRASE Both Jack and Jill fell down the hill. For kids, reading is not as fun as watching the movie. Such was a relationship that could conquer anything. G. INTERJECTIONAL PHRASE Bloody hell! You’re Harry Potter. Oh yeah! This is one heck of a spaghetti. GRAMMAR APPROACHES PRESCRIPTIVE ►condemns all styles except the “King’s English” ►tells us what SHOULD or SHOULD NOT be written ►normative DESCRIPTIVE ►grammar for everyday use (linguistic performance) GENERATIVE GRAMMAR ►(Chomsky) ”Mental grammar” linguistic competence TRANSFORMATIONAL ►(Chomsky) tries to show that in the “underlying structure”, sentences are still similar ►ex: active to passive, statement to question deep structure- (Chomsky’s Transformational Grammar) abstract representation of the sentence Subordinating conjunction- connects independent clauses to dependent clauses ex: However hard the situation is, you persevered to get your license. Conjunctive adverb-connects independent clauses to each other ex: The bride thought the groom would not come; however, he came. CONDITIONALS ZERO ►general truths/ scientific facts (present simple) ►If you freeze water, it becomes solid. FIRST►possible in the future (present simple + will/not +v.) ► If it rains, Joyce will take a taxi to work. SECOND ►hypothetical/ unlikely (past simple + would + verb) ►If I won the lottery, I would build an animal shelter. THIRD ►different past (past perfect + would have + pp) ►If I hadn’t been in love, I would have passed the exam. Inverted sentence- verb before the subject Ex: In the middle of the park is the gazebo. THREE MAJOR NOUN CASES A. NOMINATIVE 1. Subject of a verb 2. Predicate nominative 3. Appositive B. OBJECTIVE 1. Dative (indirect object) 2. Accusative (direct object) 3. Object of a preposition C. Possessive (Genitive Case) dog’s bone, cat’s paw NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 TYPES/ CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES 1. Coordinate adjectives- black and pink dress 2. Demonstrative adjectives- That heart used to be mine. 3. Descriptive adjectives- He called his ex a lying bitch. 4. Distributive adjectives- I don’t want to hear any news about the pandemic. - Rosmar bought every phone in the store. -each, every, either, neither, none, both, any, and one 5. Indefinite adjectives- Do you have many cats? 6. Interrogative adjectives- What topic do you want? 7. Possessive adjectives- Don’t touch my Prada. 8. Predicate adjectives- You are gorgeous. 9. Proper adjectives- I love Japanese ramen. 10. Quantitative/ Numeral adjectives/ Cardinal adjectives -I have two cats. 11. Sequence adjectives -Your first take for the LEPT will be your last. 12. Articles as adjectives- You are the apple of my eye. PRONOUNS 1. Personal Pronouns 2. Reflexive Pronouns [DO, IO, OP] ex: She gave herself some comfort. 3. Intensive/ Emphatic Pronouns ex: She herself gave the comfort. 4. Demonstrative Pronouns 5. Indefinite Pronouns (few, none, all, some) 6. Interrogative Pronouns 7. Distributive Pronouns [neither, either, each, everyone (one at a time)] 8. Reciprocal Pronouns (We love each other.) 9. Relative Pronouns (The subject, which has been making your head ache, will make you successful.) 10. Possessive Pronouns PUNCTUATING ABBREVIATIONS 1. Periods are always used in Latin abbreviations but not with contractions. US and UK abbreviations differ from each other. 2. A period usually ends abbreviation of a title or names of institutions (Mr. Mrs. Co. Inc.) but can be omitted after professional and personal titles (Dr Mr Ms ) and names of institutions and countries (USA RCBC DPWH). 3. Three-initial of a person’s name often used within institution may not have periods and are always unspaced but when the first and middle name initials used with surnames, may have space and periods. FDR = Franklin Delano Roosevelt T.S. Eliot WORD FORMATION A. Repurposing - word formed by taking a word from one context and applying it to another context ex: computer mouse B. Reduplication- repetition or near-repetition of words or sounds ex: goody-goody, helter skelter, picnic, claptrap C. Error - misspellings, mishearings, mispronunciations and mistranscriptions that led to forming new words ex: Scramble originated as a variant of scrabble but had separate meanings over time. SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES A. PREDICATION- Rachel knew about Mondler. B. MODIFICATION- talking toy, student council, beautiful liar C. COMPLEMENTATION NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 The weather is fine. I consider Mochi a nice cat. D. COORDINATION Elliptical: I like black coffee not sweet. Split: Rather than giving up, he continued studying. Correlative: I offer not peace but war. Methods of achieving cohesion [Halliday & Hassan, 1976] A. Elliptical: Mochi ate some fish. Twirly [] some chicken. B. Referential: Huffle was barking. She was hungry. C. : The serpent ate the chicken. repetition: The serpent is dangerous. synonym: The snake is now under custody. hypernym: The animal is now being observed. general word: The poor thing was just trying to eat. D. Substitution: Changing to one (two, three, etc.), do, so V: These dresses are on sale. B: Great! I’ll take those three. A: You look great! B: So do you! TAXIS -dependence of clauses in a clause complex PARATAXIS- “arranging side-by-side” without words that indicate conjunction and subordination ►Para sayo ang exam, ang pagpasa, ang lisensya. HYPOTAXIS - “arranging under”, “beneath”, “arrangement” ►subordination of one clause to another Common Sentence Errors: A. Dangling modifier- Having read the book, the movie will be blockbuster. B. Misplaced modifier- The minister chatted informally about the cost of living with several women. C. Squinting modifier- Government offices are open on Saturdays only in the country. D. Faulty parallelism- I like eating better than to bake. NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.