Fundamentals of English PDF

PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 SESSION 1: FUNDAMENT...

PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 SESSION 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH THE IPA NOTE: Vowels are classified according to: A. Frontness and backness B. Highness and lowness C. Roundedness REMEMBER: 1. Schwa /ə/ is found in unstressed syllables. 2. One syllable words are stressed thus, they have full vowel sounds. (except: “the”, “what”) PLACES OF ARTICULATION MANNER OF ARTICULATION Bilabial /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/ Plosives /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ Labiodental /f/, /v/ Fricatives /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/ Interdental /ð/, /θ/ Affricates /tʃ/, /dʒ/ Alveolar /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/ Nasal /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ Palatal /j/ Approximants /w/, /r/, /j/, /l/ Palato-alveolar /ʃ/ , /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ Lateral /l/, /r/ Velar /k/, /g/, /ŋ/ Glide /w/, /j/ Glottal /h/ Special sounds: A. Glottal stop - button, kitten B. Alveolar tap- butter, stutter NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 VERB TENSES SIMPLE TENSES Simple present is, are, am, get, reads etc. (general truth, habitual action, scientific fact, something that happens regularly) Ex: I like Algebra. | I clean my room everyday. Simple Past was, were, read, caught etc. An action that happened at a specific time in the past Should have time expressions such as last night, yesterday, last year, etc. Ex: He went home late last night. Simple Future will/ shall + base form Action that will happen in the future Should have time expressions such as tomorrow, next year, etc. Ex: I will go to school at 7AM tomorrow. PROGRESSIVE TENSE: an action that continues to happen Present Continuous is/are/am + -ing v. ongoing, now Ex: I am washing the dishes right now. Past Continuous was/were + -ing v. ongoing in the past but was interrupted Ex: I was washing the dishes when you came. Future Continuous will/ shall + be + -ing v. ongoing in the future Ex: I will be eating with you every lunch time starting tomorrow. NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 PERFECT TENSE: Latin: “perfectum” | an action is “completed” or “perfected” Present Perfect has / have + pp. began in the past, still true now Ex: I have seen the movie “Pride and Prejudice”. Past Perfect had + pp. action completed before another past action Ex: Her disease had worsened before her father bought the medicine. Future Perfect will/ shall + have + pp. completed before some point in the future Ex: You will have finished the document before the boss arrives. PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE: action started in the past, continues to present Present Perfect Continuous has/ have + been + -ing started in the past and is continuing at the present time Ex: She has not been doing anything for 8 hours. Past Perfect Continuous had + been + -ing started, continued, ended at some time in the past Ex: She had been daydreaming for 30 minutes before the teacher came. Future Perfect Continuous will/ shall + have been + -ing looking back to the past from a point in the future, and we want to emphasize the length or duration of an activity or event Ex: On August 1, you will have been living with him for 3 years. NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 VERBALS A. Gerunds- -ing words that function as nouns Ex: Hiking is a tiring hobby. B. Infinitives the most flexible verbal to + v that functions as a noun, adj. or adv. Ex: To fail your loved ones is your biggest fear. (noun) The one to blame is your stubborn heart. (adj.) My only wish is to see you pass. (noun) I am doing this to show you how much I love you. (adverb) C. Participles- word derived from a verb that can be used as an adjective (-ed or -ing form) Ex: Sismars hates canned sardines. A ruined friendship is hard to repair. Shopping baskets should have two different colors. SENTENCE PATTERNS A. S- IV This hopeless romantic heart broke. Five cute Siberian huskies are howling. B. S- LV-(S)C Joyce is a Filipino Major. (PN) Bamboo is a grass. (PN) You are pathetic. (PA) The new kid is nonchalant. (PA) C. S- TV- DO The artist thanked Beyoncé. She knows the issue. Adele broke the trophy. D. S- TV- IO- DO Rosmar gave her endorsers money. PBB fans sent the housemates their votes. Diwata served the people some food. E. S- TV- DO- IO The candidates gave a speech to the audience. The Filipinos expressed their disappointment to the candidates. F. S- TV- DO - OC Filipinos call the situation “clownery”. He called her “baby”. G. S- TV- DO - OP The students put their hands on their heads. They loaded the papers into the machine. TYPES OF SENTENCES COMPOUND (2 IC + 1CC: FANBOYS-for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) You want it but you are not making any effort. You stabbed your friend in the back yet you are borrowing money from her. COMPLEX (1 DC, 1IC, 1SC- although, whereas, because, etc.) If you don’t study now, you will regret it. Even though you hurt my feelings, I forgive you. NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 COMPOUND-COMPLEX (1 DC, 2 IC, 1SC, 1CC) Although you are hot-tempered, you are true to yourself and you have genuine intentions. Unless you admit that there is a problem, you will keep exerting effort but you will not succeed. SIMPLE Today’s generation of young people are trying their best. They packed their things early and came to the airport hours before the flight but forgot their tickets. Demonstrative Pronoun- used to REPLACE a noun Ex: That is nothing. Those were the worst days of my life. Demonstrative Adjective- adjective that can be used to specifically describe the position of someone or something That license will be mine. Those dreams will come true. Relative Pronoun- relate subordinate clauses The sleepless nights that you will have during the review period will be worth it. The idea that you are mad at her even if she didn’t do anything to you shows envy. MARKEDNESS Marked= not following the usual “rule” Ex: “Bought” is a marked past because the typical way to form the past tense is by adding “-d” or “-ed”. “Passed” is an unmarked past because it follows the usual rule. Other examples: sheep- marked plural Cats- unmarked plural MOODS- -show the writer’s attitude towards what s/he is saying A. Indicative Mood- -states a fact or an actuality Ex: Those kittens are mine. Big Bang Theory is a terrific show. B. Imperative Mood- -makes a request or a command -can be active/passive but only 1 tense (present) Ex: Study now. Don’t forget to pay your debt. C. Subjunctive Mood-statements that are contrary to fact -wishes, suggestions, proposals, doubt, possibility Ex: I hope to be an LPT. If you give up now, there will be no hope. I move the nomination be closed. NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.