Developmental Theories in Psychology week 1
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Questions and Answers

What is required for a woman to be offered a home birth?

Women must have no risk factors and spontaneous labors.

How do outcomes for low-risk women giving birth at home compare to those giving birth in hospitals?

Research suggests they have at least as good, if not better, outcomes.

What is the first stage of labor characterized by?

Uterine muscles starting to contract and relax, thinning and opening the cervix.

What can result from fetal distress during the birth process?

<p>Anoxia, which can lead to death or brain damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general recovery time for most women after giving birth?

<p>About a month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors impact the health of the fetus before and during delivery?

<p>Emotional, behavioral, physical, and motor health influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anoxia in the context of birth?

<p>A condition of oxygen deprivation that can occur during labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Piaget's cognitive development theory?

<p>It argues that cognitive development occurs through processes like assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Vygotsky's theory differ from Piaget's regarding social interaction?

<p>Vygotsky asserts that complex forms of thinking originate in social interactions, highlighting the importance of social context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Bandura's learning theory?

<p>Bandura's theory emphasizes that learning can occur through observation, imitation, and modeling without the need for reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Systems Theory suggest about development?

<p>Systems Theory proposes that personal and external factors create a dynamic integrated system affecting individual development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory explain development?

<p>It explains development in terms of relationships between individuals and their varying environmental contexts and interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed regarding the age of conception in Canada?

<p>The age of conception is increasing, leading to more cases of advanced maternal age (AMA) pregnancies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key developmental process that occurs during the prenatal period?

<p>The prenatal process transforms a zygote into a newborn over approximately 40 weeks of pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is malnutrition a critical concern during the first trimester of pregnancy in Canada?

<p>Malnutrition poses significant risks as fetal development is highly sensitive during early pregnancy stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of pregnancy begins with zygote implantation and lasts until 12 weeks?

<p>The first trimester encompasses the phase from zygote implantation to 12 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common key issues faced during pregnancy?

<p>Key issues include ectopic pregnancy, malnutrition, miscarriage, and abnormal blood pressure or test results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the eight crises in Erikson's psychosocial theory?

<p>The eight crises are trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does humanistic theory define self-actualization?

<p>Self-actualization is defined as the process of realizing one's full potential and achieving personal growth and self-fulfillment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of learning theories in psychology?

<p>Learning theories primarily focus on how environmental experiences shape behavior and cognitive processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does classical conditioning play in emotional development?

<p>Classical conditioning plays an important role in forming emotional responses by associating stimuli with specific emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory emphasize?

<p>Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory emphasizes that complex forms of thinking originate from social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of 'equilibration' in Piaget’s theories.

<p>Equilibration is the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit new experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Bandura's theory differ from traditional behaviorism?

<p>Bandura’s theory suggests that learning can occur through observation, without direct reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'scaffolding' in the context of learning.

<p>Scaffolding refers to the support provided by a more knowledgeable other to help a learner achieve a task or understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'assimilation' according to Piaget?

<p>Assimilation is the process of integrating new experiences into existing cognitive schemes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can you provide an example of the Zone of Proximal Development in your life?

<p>An example is when a teacher guides a student through a math problem that is just beyond their current ability with support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

<p>The key components are schemes, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of operant conditioning in learning?

<p>Operant conditioning emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of 'internal cognitive structure' as termed 'scheme'.

<p>A scheme refers to an internal cognitive structure that guides an individual's understanding and behavior in specific circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of human life according to humanistic psychology?

<p>The ultimate goal is self-actualization, which involves achieving one's fullest potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of changes stemming from modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code is called ______.

<p>epigenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theory, the three parts of personality that develop over time are the Id, Ego, and ______.

<p>Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genotype refers to the specific genetic material on individual chromosomes, while ______ is the observed characteristic.

<p>phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patterns of inheritance can include dominant-recessive, polygenic, and ______ inheritance.

<p>multi-factorial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud's psychosexual theory suggests that fixation can occur in various stages including oral, anal, and ______.

<p>phallic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genes control specific characteristics and humans possess approximately ______ genes in each cell nucleus.

<p>23,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's theory, adults who have successfully integrated earlier psychosexual stages should exhibit mature sexuality and a sincere interest in ______.

<p>others</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epigenetic markers can regulate gene expression by ______ genes on or off.

<p>turning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandura's learning theory suggests that learning does not always require __________.

<p>reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bronfenbrenner, development is explained in terms of the relationships between people and their __________.

<p>environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theory that uses the computer as a model of human thinking is known as __________ Processing theory.

<p>Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Systems Theory, the idea of __________ suggests that the 'whole' is greater than the sum of its parts.

<p>holism</p> Signup and view all the answers

In prenatal development, the process that transforms a zygote into a __________ is emphasized.

<p>newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

In pregnancy, __________ refers to the critical stage from conception to postpartum.

<p>antenatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The increase in the rates of triplets, quadruplets, and quintuples since the mid 1990s is attributed to the rise in __________ age.

<p>maternal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Malnutrition is a significant issue during the __________ trimester in Canada.

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory emphasizes the origins of complex thinking in __________ interactions.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ Theory classifies individual and contextual variables affecting development and their interactions.

<p>Bioecological Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Ontario, the age of viability is ______ weeks.

<p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

A significant increase in the risk of damage to the fetus occurs during the first ______ weeks of pregnancy.

<p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low birth weight can result in negative effects on mental and motor development lasting from ______ months to 2 years of age.

<p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

At 26 weeks, the survival rate for a baby is approximately ______ percent.

<p>80</p> Signup and view all the answers

Preterm birth can lead to lifelong effects such as cerebral ______, cognitive impairment, and poor health.

<p>palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Errors in chromosomal division during prenatal development can lead to conditions such as ______ Syndrome.

<p>Down</p> Signup and view all the answers

High blood pressure during pregnancy can be classified as ______.

<p>toxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maternal disease or their agents affecting the fetus are known as ______.

<p>teratogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only women with no ______ factors are offered a home birth.

<p>risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research indicates that low risk women have outcomes that are at least as good as those having hospital ______ .

<p>births</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first stage of labor involves the muscles of the uterus starting to ______ and then relax.

<p>tighten</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anoxia can result in death or ______ damage during the birth process.

<p>brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

After birth, most women require a recovery period of about a ______ or so.

<p>month</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fetal distress during birth is characterized by a sudden change in fetal ______ rate.

<p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

The third stage of labor begins after the ______ is born.

<p>baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

The health of the fetus is influenced by emotional, behavioral, physical, and ______ factors.

<p>motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, individuals must resolve eight ______.

<p>dilemmas</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key goal of humanistic psychology is ______, which represents achieving one's full potential.

<p>self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classical and operant conditioning are processes that shape human ______.

<p>behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pavlov's work on ______ is fundamental to the study of emotional responses.

<p>classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive theories, such as those by ______, emphasize mental processes like logic and memory.

<p>Piaget</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ theory asserts that thinking has its origins in social interactions according to Vygotsky.

<p>Socio-cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura, learning can occur through ______, rather than just reinforcement.

<p>observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, ______ involves adapting one's schemes to incorporate new experiences.

<p>accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation in Piaget’s framework.

<p>Equilibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ can facilitate the learning experience by providing appropriate support.

<p>scaffold</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vygotsky's concept of the ______ emphasizes learning that occurs just above the current competency level.

<p>Zone of Proximal Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive development, a ______ is an internal structure that organizes knowledge.

<p>scheme</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the mental process of applying existing schemes to new experiences.

<p>assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humanistic psychology focuses on the importance of personal growth and ______.

<p>self-fulfillment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Piaget's cognitive development theory is based on scheme, assimilation, accommodation, and __________.

<p>equilibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandura's learning theory emphasizes that you can learn through observation, imitation, and __________.

<p>modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first stage of pregnancy lasts from __________ to 12 weeks.

<p>implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bronfenbrenner's theory classifies all individual and contextual variables affecting development in terms of __________.

<p>relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

Holism in Systems Theory suggests that the 'whole' is primary and often greater than the sum of its __________.

<p>parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antenatal development refers to the period from conception to __________.

<p>postpartum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genes control specific characteristics and we each have ______ genes in each cell nucleus of our body.

<p>23,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ectopic pregnancy is a key issue that can arise during __________.

<p>pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process that transforms a zygote into a newborn during pregnancy is known as __________.

<p>prenatal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is the study of changes stemming from modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code.

<p>Epigenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased age of conception leads to a higher likelihood of __________ births.

<p>multiple</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's psychosexual theory, fixation can occur during various stages, such as the ______ stage.

<p>oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

The third trimester of pregnancy starts from __________ weeks onward.

<p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud's personality structure is divided into three parts: Id, Ego, and ______.

<p>Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ inheritance pattern involves one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a trait.

<p>dominant-recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a stage in Freud's psychosexual development characterized by a focus on existing relationships and skills.

<p>latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epigenetic markers regulate gene expression by turning genes ______ or ______.

<p>on, off</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the theories of development, ______ and epigenetics interact with the environment to shape health and wellbeing.

<p>genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

In London, Ontario, medical intervention typically starts at ______ weeks depending on the weight of the baby.

<p>24</p> Signup and view all the answers

The greatest risk of damage from ______ is in the first 8 weeks of prenatal development.

<p>teratogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Babies born at ______ weeks have a survival rate of approximately 39%.

<p>24</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low birth weight can lead to negative effects on mental and motor ______ and growth.

<p>development</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ disorders can result from chromosomal issues during prenatal development.

<p>Genetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

At ______ weeks, the survival rate of a baby born is around 90%.

<p>28</p> Signup and view all the answers

Babies born prematurely may face lifelong effects such as cerebral ______ and cognitive impairment.

<p>palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Turner's syndrome is categorized as a ______ linked recessive disorder.

<p>sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only women with no risk factors and spontaneous labors are offered a ______ birth.

<p>home</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the first stage of labor, the muscles of the uterus start to ______ and then relax.

<p>tighten</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anoxia can result from ______ during the birthing process.

<p>oxygen deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research indicates that low-risk women have at least as good, if not ______, outcomes than those having hospital births.

<p>better</p> Signup and view all the answers

The second stage of labor occurs when the cervix is ______ completely.

<p>dilated</p> Signup and view all the answers

After birth, most women require a recovery period of about a ______ or so.

<p>month</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fetal distress is indicated by a sudden change in the ______ heart rate.

<p>fetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first few hours after birth involve important processes such as ______.

<p>breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, development occurs through _____ stages.

<p>eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ultimate goal in humanistic psychology is _____-actualization.

<p>self</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pavlov's _____ conditioning plays a crucial role in developing emotional responses.

<p>classical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandura’s theory emphasizes that learning can occur through _____, without direct reinforcement.

<p>observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information Processing Theory uses the _____ as a model for human thinking.

<p>computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, _____ is the process of integrating new experiences into existing cognitive structures.

<p>assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ refers to the adjustment of cognitive structures when new information cannot be assimilated.

<p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of balancing assimilation and accommodation is known as _____ in Piaget’s theories.

<p>equilibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory highlights the role of _____ in cognitive development.

<p>social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skinner's theory of _____ conditioning involves reinforcement and shaping behaviors.

<p>operant</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's theory, each psychosocial stage presents a unique _____ to be resolved.

<p>crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humanistic psychology posits that the most significant drive within humans is to achieve their _____ potential.

<p>full</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive theories, development emphasizes aspects like _____ and memory.

<p>logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Piaget's cognitive development theory is based on the concepts of scheme, assimilation, accommodation, and _____.

<p>equilibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scaffolding refers to the support provided by a more knowledgeable other during the _____ of learning.

<p>process</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Theories

  • Biology and genetics impact development
  • Genes shape characteristics and are influenced by environment.
  • Genotype is the specific genetic make-up of an individual, while phenotype is the observable characteristic.
  • Inheritance patterns include dominant-recessive, multi-factorial, polygenic, and mitochondrial.
  • Epigenetics, the study of gene expression, can turn genes on or off.
  • Psychoanalytic theories propose that internal drives and emotions influence behavior.
  • Freud's Psychosexual Theory focuses on conscious and unconscious processes.
  • Id, Ego, and Superego are the three components of personality that develop over time.
  • Fixation can occur at any stage of psychosexual development with potential consequences in adulthood, such as smoking, overeating, or orderliness.
  • Erikson's Psychosocial Theory highlights the interaction between inner instincts and cultural demands.
  • The eight crises of psychosocial stages involve resolving dilemmas throughout the lifespan.
  • Humanistic theories emphasize self-actualization as the ultimate goal in human life.

Learning Theories

  • Focus on how experiences in the environment shape children.
  • Behavior is shaped by processes like classical and operant conditioning.
  • Pavlov's Classical Conditioning involves the development of emotional responses.
  • Skinner's Operant Conditioning includes extinction and shaping.

Cognitive Theories

  • Emphasize mental aspects and cognitive development.
  • Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory involves schemes, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.
  • Information Processing theories use the computer as a model for human thinking.
  • Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory emphasizes the role of social interactions in complex forms of thinking.
  • Bandura's theory states that learning does not always require reinforcement, as we can learn through observation.

Systems Theory

  • Personal and external factors form a dynamic integrated system.
  • Holism suggests the 'whole' is greater than the sum of its parts.
  • Wellness is a result of adaptive adjustments.

Bronfrenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory

  • Relationship between people and their environments shape development.
  • Individual and contextual variables influencing development interact.

Conception

  • Conception age is increasing in Canada.
  • Multiple births have increased over 230% since the 1990s.
  • AMA (Advanced Maternal Age) is becoming increasingly common.
  • An increase in AMA leads to higher rates of multiple births and a greater use of assisted human reproductive techniques like fertility drugs, cryopreservation, and artificial insemination.

Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

  • Antenatal encompasses conception through the postpartum period.
  • Pregnancy is defined as the nurturing period in which a woman's body supports a developing embryo or fetus, lasting 40 weeks.
  • Prenatal development refers to the transformation of a zygote into a newborn.
  • The first trimester goes from the zygote's implantation to 12 weeks.
  • The second trimester takes place from 12 to 24 weeks, when fetal movement is felt.
  • The third trimester is from 25 weeks and beyond, where emotional attachment to the fetus grows.

Issues in Prenatal Development

  • Potential issues include ectopic pregnancy, abnormal urine/blood tests, increased blood pressure, malnutrition, bleeding, and miscarriage.
  • Malnutrition is a significant concern in the first trimester in Canada.
  • Additional issues in later trimesters include: increased blood pressure, bleeding, premature labor, bladder infections, and toxemia.

Age of Viability

  • The age of viability in Ontario is 23 weeks, but survival rates are low.
  • In London, medical intervention starts at 24 weeks, dependent on the baby's weight.
  • Survival rates increase to 39% at 24 weeks, 50% at 25 weeks, 80% at 26 weeks, and 90% at 27 weeks.
  • Survival rates are over 90% for babies born between 28 and 31 weeks.
  • Babies born at 32-33 weeks have a 95% survival rate, and babies born at 34+ weeks have a similar outcome to full-term babies.

Genetic Disorders

  • Autosomal dominant disorders include Huntington's disease and extra fingers.
  • Autosomal recessive disorders include sickle-cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.
  • Sex-linked recessive disorders include red-green color blindness and missing front teeth.
  • Chromosomal errors include trisomy (Down Syndrome).
  • Anomalies with sex chromosomes include Turner's Syndrome.
  • Teratogens can cause damage to the fetus, especially during the first 8 weeks.
  • Maternal diseases can also impact prenatal development.

Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight

  • Preterm babies may have lifelong challenges such as cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, visual/hearing impairment, poor health/growth, and behavioral/social-emotional problems.
  • Low birth weight and very low birth weight are associated with negative effects on mental/motor development and growth from 9 months to 2 years of age.
  • Effects on physical and mental development lessen over time, but growth effects may persist.

Birth Location

  • In London, mothers can choose between:
    • Hospital OB or Midwife-in the birth suites.
    • Home birth with a midwife.
  • Home birth is an option for low risk mothers, and research suggests comparable outcomes to hospital births.

Stages of Labor

  • Labor typically occurs in four stages:
    • Stage 1: Uterine muscles contract, thinning (effacing) and dilating the cervix.
    • Stage 2: The cervix is fully dilated (10cm) and the baby is born.
    • Stage 3: Contractions continue after the baby's birth until the placenta is delivered.
    • Stage 4: First few hours after birth involving breastfeeding and recovery.

Process of Birth

  • Fetal distress involves a sudden change in fetal heart rate during birth.
  • Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) can result in death or brain damage.
  • Recovery for mothers usually takes a month or more after birth.

Important Notes

  • Fetal health is impacted by factors from before conception to delivery.
  • These health influences include emotional, behavioral, physical, and motor aspects with long-lasting effects.

Biology and Genetics

  • Genetics and epigenetics shape health and wellbeing.
  • Humans have 23,000 genes in each cell nucleus.
  • A genotype is the specific genetic material on chromosomes.
  • A phenotype is a characteristic that is observed.
  • Gene inheritance patterns include dominant-recessive, polygenic (many genes influence a trait).
  • Multi-factorial inheritance involves genes and their environment.
  • Mitochondrial inheritance is the inheritance of genes from the mother's egg.

Epigenetics

  • Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression.
  • Epigenetic markers toggle genes on or off.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms control gene expression and regulate bodily processes.

Freudian Psychosexual Theory

  • Behavior is determined by conscious and unconscious processes.
  • Libido is an instinctual sexual drive.
  • Personality structure develops over time.
  • The three parts of personality structure are the Id, Ego, and Superego.

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

  • Development over the lifespan happens in psychosocial stages.
  • Every human must move through and resolve eight crises.

Humanistic Theories

  • The most important internal drive is to achieve one's full potential.
  • Self-actualization is the ultimate goal in human life.

Learning Theories

  • Learning theories focus on how experiences in the environment shape a child.
  • Human behavior is shaped through processes such as classical and operant conditioning.

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

  • Plays an important role in the development of emotional responses.

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

  • Extinction and shaping are important elements.

Cognitive Theories

  • Cognitive theories emphasize the mental aspects of development, including logic and memory.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

  • Based on scheme, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.

Information-Processing Theory

  • Utilizes the computer as a model of human thinking, with memory processes.

Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory

  • Complex forms of thinking are rooted in social interactions.

Bandura's Learning

  • Learning does not always require reinforcement.
  • We learn through observation.

Bandura

  • Bridges behaviorist and cognitive learning theories.
  • Emphasizes attention, memory, and motivation.
  • Learning occurs from observation, imitation, and modeling.

Systems Theory

  • Personal and external factors form a dynamic integrated system.
  • Holism emphasizes the whole.
  • Wellness is a result of adaptive adjustment.

Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory

  • Development is explained through the relationship between individuals and their environment or context.
  • It classifies variables and their interactions that impact development.

Conception

  • Age of conception is increasing.
  • Rates of multi-birth pregnancies are increasing.
  • AMA (Advanced Maternal Age) is becoming increasingly common.
  • Assisted human reproductive techniques, such as fertility drugs, cryopreservation and artificial insemination are increasingly used.

Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

  • Antenatal refers to the period between conception and delivery, encompassing pregnancy and postpartum.
  • Pregnancy is the period when a woman's body is nurturing a developing embryo or fetus.
  • Prenatal development refers to the process of transforming a zygote into a newborn baby.

Trimesters

  • The first trimester is from the zygote implantation to 12 weeks.
  • The second trimester is from 12 to 24 weeks, a period when the fetus's movement can be felt.
  • The third trimester is from 25 weeks onwards.
  • The third trimester is associated with increased emotional attachment to the fetus.

Key Issues During Pregnancy

  • Ectopic pregnancy, abnormal urine/blood tests, increased blood pressure, malnutrition, bleeding, and miscarriage.

Age of Viability

  • The age of viability in Ontario is 23 weeks.
  • Medical intervention in London, Ontario normally starts at 24 weeks.

Issues in Prenatal Development

  • Genetic disorders can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or sex-linked recessive.
  • Chromosomal errors can occur, including trisomy (i.e., Down Syndrome) and sex chromosome anomalies (i.e., Turner's Syndrome).
  • Teratogens are agents that cause damage to the fetus.
  • The greatest risk posed by teratogens is during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy.

Preterm Birth/Low Birth Weight

  • Preterm birth can lead to long-lasting effects, such as cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, visual and hearing impairment, poor health and growth, and behavioral and social-emotional problems.
  • Low birth weight and very low birth weight can negatively affect mental and motor development and growth, but these effects often lessen over time.

Birth Location

  • In London, Ontario, there are two birth options: hospital (in OB units or birth suites) and home birth.

Home Birth

  • About 9% of first-time moms plan a home birth, and 21% of second-time moms plan a home birth.
  • Home births are offered to women with no risk factors and spontaneous labors.
  • Research shows that low-risk women have at least as good, if not better, outcomes than low-risk women having hospital births.

Stages of Labor

  • Stage 1 involves contractions, thinning and opening of the cervix.
  • Stage 2 involves complete cervical dilation, expulsion of the baby through the birth canal.
  • Stage 3 involves contractions until the placenta is delivered.
  • Stage 4 involves recovery and breastfeeding.

Process of Birth

  • Fetal distress (sudden change in fetal heart rate) can occur during birth.
  • Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) can lead to death or brain damage.
  • Most women need a period of recovery after giving birth.

The Impact of Health on the Fetus

  • The health of the fetus is impacted long before conception, right up until delivery and beyond.
  • Emotional, behavioral, physical, and motor health all influence the fetus's development and have long-lasting effects.

Development Theories

  • Development can be explained by the interaction of biology, environment, and psychology
  • Biological Theories focus on the impact of genetic and epigenetic factors on development
    • Genetics determine individual traits through the inheritance of 23,000 genes in each cell nucleus
      • Genotype refers to the specific genetic material, while phenotype describes the observed characteristic
      • Inheritance patterns can be dominant-recessive, polygenic (multiple genes influencing a trait), multi-factorial (genes and environment), or mitochondrial (inherited from the mother's egg)
    • Epigenetics studies changes in gene expression without alterations to the genetic code
      • Epigenetic markers regulate gene expression, controlling bodily processes by switching genes on or off
  • Psychoanalytic Theories emphasize the influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior
    • Freud's Psychosexual Theory proposes that unconscious processes and the instinctual sexual drive (libido) shape behavior
      • Personality structure consists of the Id, Ego, and Superego, which develop over time
      • Fixation occurs when an individual is stuck in a particular psychosexual stage, potentially impacting their adulthood
  • Erikson's Psychosocial Theory focuses on the interaction of inner instincts and cultural demands throughout development
    • Individuals must successfully resolve eight psychosocial dilemmas, or "crises," throughout their lifespan
  • Humanistic Theories assert that the most crucial internal drive is reaching one's full potential
    • Self-actualization is the ultimate goal in human life
  • Learning Theories focus on the impact of environmental experiences on shaping a child's behavior
    • Pavlov's Classical Conditioning is crucial for the development of emotional responses
    • Skinner's Operant Conditioning employs concepts like extinction and shaping to influence behavior
  • Cognitive Theories emphasize the importance of mental aspects like logic and memory in development
    • Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory explains development through schemes, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration
    • Information Processing Theories utilize the computer as a model for human thinking, including memory processes
    • Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory states that complex forms of thinking originate from social interactions
      • Scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development are key concepts in this theory
    • Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasizes observing, imitating, and modeling as learning tools, even without reinforcement

Before Conception

  • The age of conception is rising in Canada
  • Rates of multiple births (triplets, quadruplets, quintuplets) have increased by over 230% since the mid-1990s
  • Advanced maternal age (AMA) is becoming increasingly common, leading to higher rates of multiple births and use of assisted human reproductive techniques
    • Assisted reproductive techniques include fertility drugs, cryopreservation (freezing embryos), and artificial insemination

Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

  • Antenatal refers to the period from conception to postpartum.
  • Pregnancy is the physical condition of nurturing a developing embryo or fetus, lasting approximately 40 weeks.
  • Prenatal development refers to the transformation of a zygote into a newborn.

Trimesters

  • The first trimester spans from implantation to 12 weeks.
  • The second trimester is from 12 to 24 weeks, marked by the mother feeling the fetus move.
  • The third trimester begins at 25+ weeks, with increased emotional connection to the fetus.

Key Issues During Pregnancy

  • First trimester: ectopic pregnancy, abnormal urine or blood tests, increased blood pressure, malnutrition, bleeding, miscarriage
  • Second trimester: increased blood pressure, bleeding, premature labor, bladder infection, toxemia
  • Third trimester: continued risks from the second trimester and additional concerns as the fetus grows

Age of Viability

  • In Ontario, the age of viability is 23 weeks, though survival chances are low.
  • Medical intervention in London, Ontario starts at 24 weeks, with survival rates increasing with gestational age.
    • 23 weeks: 17% survival
    • 24 weeks: 39% survival
    • 25 weeks: 50% survival
    • 26 weeks: 80% survival
    • 27 weeks: 90% survival
    • 28-31 weeks: 90-95% survival
    • 32-33 weeks: 95% survival
    • 34+ weeks: survival rates similar to full-term babies

Issues in Prenatal Development

  • Genetic Disorders:
    • Autosomal dominant disorders: Huntington's disease, extra fingers
    • Autosomal recessive disorders: sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis
    • Sex-linked recessive disorders: red-green color blindness, missing front teeth
  • Chromosomal Errors:
    • Trisomy: Three copies of a chromosome, such as Down syndrome
    • Anomalies with sex chromosomes: Turner's syndrome
  • Teratogens: Agents that cause damage to the fetus, posing the greatest risk during the first 8 weeks
    • Examples include maternal diseases and deviations in prenatal development

Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight

  • Preterm birth can have long-term effects, including cerebral palsy, cognitive delays, sensory impairments, health and growth issues, and behavioral problems.
  • Low birth weight (LBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) negatively impact mental and motor development and growth. Although some effects lessen over time, growth-related issues often persist.

Birth Location

  • In London, Ontario, birth can occur in a hospital with either an obstetrician or a midwife in the birth suites.
  • Home birth is also an option, with a midwife providing care.
  • Home birth is generally only offered to low-risk women with spontaneous labors.

Home Birth Safety and Benefits

  • About 9% of first-time mothers and 21% of second-time mothers plan home births.
  • Research suggests that low-risk women may have outcomes equal to or better than those experiencing hospital births.

Stages of Labor

  • Stage 1: Muscles of the uterus contract and relax, thinning and dilating the cervix to allow the baby to pass.
  • Stage 2: The cervix dilates completely (10 cm), culminating in the baby's birth.
  • Stage 3: Contractions continue until the placenta is delivered after the baby's birth.
  • Stage 4: The first few hours after birth, focusing on breastfeeding and recovery, with continued contractions until the uterus contracts back to its regular size.

Process of Birth

  • During birth, some babies experience fetal distress, a sudden change in fetal heart rate.
  • Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) can lead to complications, including death or brain damage.
  • Recovery after birth typically requires a month or more for the mother.

Long-Term Health Impacts

  • The health of the fetus is influenced by factors from conception until delivery and even beyond.
  • These influences encompass emotional, behavioral, physical, and motor aspects, with lasting effects on the individual.

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Understanding Normal & In Utero Pregnancy PDF

Description

Explore the key developmental theories including the impact of biology and genetics on personal growth. This quiz dives into Freud's Psychosexual Theory, Erikson's Psychosocial Theory, and the roles of genotype and phenotype. Test your understanding of these concepts and their implications on behavior and personality.

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