Child Development Theories Overview

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Questions and Answers

Current experts in child development criticize Piagetian theory because:

It represents the inconsistencies in children's thinking at the various stages.

It places too much emphasis on organization and does not address adaptation.

It overly reflects the activities and expectations of Western cultures. (correct)

It does not provide information about cognitive development that is useful for teachers.

Young geese will attach to the first nurturing figure they see after they are born. This principle is known as ________.

Operant conditioning

Psychosocial crisis

Imprinting (correct)

Ethology

Based on Freud's beliefs, which element of personality drives Noelle's desire to hide her cell phone in her backpack rather than dropping it off at the school office?

Ego

Superego

Id (correct)

Psychosocial conflict

Freud's stages of psychosexual development follow which view of the shape of development?

The shape of development is discontinuous and quantitative. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is an accurate representation of Erik Erikson's ideas?

Successful resolution of a crisis at any stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the psychosocial area of major concern. Signup and view all the answers

Juan's behavior is typical of what we might expect of an 11-year-old child in Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development.

Industry versus inferiority Signup and view all the answers

Teachers and families can take steps to encourage positive resolution of psychosocial crises except:

Assist children when they attempt to do things independently and help them avoid mistakes and accidents. Signup and view all the answers

Maria learns to tie her shoe by watching her older sister. Bandura's social learning theory relies on:

Vicarious learning. Signup and view all the answers

In retrieving information, Miguel is accessing knowledge from his:

Long-term memory. Signup and view all the answers

Lev Vygotsky coined the term zone of proximal development to refer to:

The area between what a child can do independently and what the child can do with guidance. Signup and view all the answers

Mr. Rodriguez is employing which type of sampling procedure?

Convenience sampling Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important thing to keep in mind when considering results from correlational research?

Correlation does not mean causation. Signup and view all the answers

The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network study relied upon a(n) ________ research design.

Longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

The Institutional Review Board exists to ensure:

Researchers conducting research involving human subjects are following all ethical guidelines. Signup and view all the answers

What should a researcher do upon noticing evidence of child abuse during an interview?

Report the abuse and act in the child's best interests. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements applies to Dr. Julian's research when she observed children's behaviors without their awareness?

Dr. Julian should have gone through the Institutional Review Board process and obtained signed consent from a parent/guardian of each child. Signup and view all the answers

What is our major concern with the research study on resiliency in children after they experience failure?

The researcher may cause harm to the children, who may become frustrated and ultimately distrustful of adults. Signup and view all the answers

Mr. Langley needs to complete a research project and has obtained permission from the Institutional Review Board. The IRB approved his request to offer incentives to the parents only if:

The incentive or 'thank you gift' is consistent with what the parents or children would expect in their own lives. Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Cohen conducts research on how state policies in education impact student achievement over time. What kind of research does this represent?

Applied research Signup and view all the answers

Who would be involved in the research process for a community-based research approach to studying the impact of an after-school program on democracy and civic engagement?

Employers, social agencies, and business leaders Signup and view all the answers

This study is an example of what type of research?

Applied Signup and view all the answers

_______ refers to the accuracy of a test in measuring what it is intended to measure.

Validity Signup and view all the answers

When a researcher is concerned about the extent to which her findings will generalize to other schools, she is most concerned about:

External validity. Signup and view all the answers

Percy administered his test to his target population on two consecutive days in order to prove what about the test?

Reliability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most likely relates to the complaint voiced by parents of minority children in Dr. Ortiz's research?

Negative behaviors were being studied, but not positive behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

We can have confidence in the results of studies published in journals because:

Research articles published in professional journals have gone through a peer-review process. Signup and view all the answers

Most of the errors in media coverage of research are errors of:

Omission of details. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Critique of Theories

Current child development research often incorporates multidisciplinary approaches for comprehensive understanding.
Experts criticize Piagetian theory for reflecting predominantly Western cultural perspectives and lacking practical application for educators.

Imprinting

Imprinting is a bonding process observed in young geese, allowing them to attach to the first nurturing figure they encounter after birth.

Freud's Psychosexual Development

Freud believed the personality is driven by the id, which represents innate desires, often conflicting with societal expectations.
Freud's psychosexual development stages are described as discontinuous and quantitative in nature.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development

Erik Erikson emphasized that successful resolution of crises during each developmental stage is essential for healthy psychosocial growth.
Industry versus inferiority is a critical stage where children develop skills and confidence, often observed in a child's determination to succeed academically.

Education and Feedback

Teachers can foster positive resolutions in children facing psychosocial crises by providing support, encouraging success, and validating independence.
Critical methods to avoid include overly assisting children to the point of hindering their ability to learn from mistakes.

Bandura posits that children learn behaviors and skills through vicarious learning, influenced by observing others rather than direct reinforcement.

Memory in Learning

Long-term memory is crucial for retaining learned information, while working memory plays a key role in processing current tasks.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

The zone of proximal development defines the difference between what a child can accomplish independently and what they can achieve with guidance, emphasizing the role of scaffolding.

Sampling Techniques

Convenience sampling entails gathering participants based on proximity; while it is practical, it may introduce bias in data collection.

Correlational Research Limitations

A fundamental principle in research is that correlation does not imply causation, emphasizing the need to interpret findings with caution.

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal research studies track the same group over time to observe changes and developments, providing rich insights into child development.

Ethical Standards in Research

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) safeguards ethical standards, ensuring that researchers involving human subjects adhere to established guidelines to prevent harm.

Handling Abuse in Research

Ethical responsibilities compel researchers to report any suspected child abuse, prioritizing child safety over maintaining confidentiality.

Compliance and Incentives

Research projects involving incentives must ensure that all participating children receive equal rewards, promoting fairness in participation.

Research Types

Applied research focuses on real-world applications and solutions, while basic research seeks to expand general knowledge without immediate practical use.

Community-Based Research

Effective community-based research engages local stakeholders, including citizens and community leaders, to address public concerns collaboratively.

Validity and Reliability in Research

Validity measures how accurately a test reflects the intended concept, while reliability assesses the consistency of results across multiple trials.

Generalizability of Findings

External validity pertains to the applicability of research results beyond the study sample to other contexts or populations.

Positive versus Negative Behaviors

Research should encompass a balanced perspective, considering both positive and negative child behaviors to provide a holistic view.

Media and Research Coverage

Media often misrepresents research findings due to omissions or oversimplifications, necessitating careful consumption and critical analysis of reported studies.

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Description

Explore key theories in child development, including critiques of Piaget, Freud's psychosexual stages, imprinting in geese, and Erikson's psychosocial growth. This quiz highlights the multidisciplinary approaches and cultural considerations that shape our understanding of child development.