Understanding Normal & In Utero Pregnancy PDF

THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT UNDERSTANDING NORMAL & IN UTER0 Pregnancy TODAY'S DISCUSSION KEY TOPICS Developmental Theories Before Conception Conception Pregnancy and Prenatal Development Issues in Prenatal Development Birth and the Neonate BIOLOGY AND Genetics and epigen...

THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT UNDERSTANDING NORMAL & IN UTER0 Pregnancy TODAY'S DISCUSSION KEY TOPICS Developmental Theories Before Conception Conception Pregnancy and Prenatal Development Issues in Prenatal Development Birth and the Neonate BIOLOGY AND Genetics and epigenetics interact with the environment to shape health/wellbeing EVOLUTIONARY genes control specific characteristics and we each have 23,000 genes in each cell nucleus of our body THEORIES Geneotype vs phenotype geneotype is the specific genetic material on individual chromosomes whereas phenotype is the observed characteristic Patterns of inheritance dominant-recessive pattern, polygenic inheritance (many genes influence a trait), multi-factorial inheritance (genes and environment), and mitochondrial inheritance (inherit genes from the mother's egg) EPIGENETICS ON AND OFF epigenetics is the study of changes stemming from modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code epigenetic markers regulate gene expression (by turning genes on or off) by controlling gene expression, epigenetic mechanisms regulate bodily processes  Psychoanalytic theories- assert developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behaviour  FREUD- PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY behaviour is determined by conscious and unconscious processes- libido is an instinctual sexual drive- personality structure has three parts that develop over time (Id, Ego, and Superego) FIXATION: WHAT HAPPENS IN ADULTHOOD 125 100 Oral- Smoking, overeating, passivity, and gullibility 75 Anal- Orderliness, parsimonious, or the opposite 50 Phallic- Vanity, recklessness or the opposite Latency- None- fixation does not normally occur at this stage 25 Genital- Adults how have successfully integrated earlier stages should emerge 0 Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 with a sincere interest in others and mature sexuality WHAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE FIXATIONS? ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY INTERACTION OF INNER INSTINCTS AND CULTURAL DEMANDS Development over the Lifespan in psychosocial stages The Eight Crises you must move through and successfully resolve eight dilemmas  HUMANISTIC ALTERNATIVE most important internal drive is to achieve one's full potential- self- actualization is the ultimate goal in human life LEARNING 125 THEORIES 100 75 focus on how experiences in the environment shape the child 50 human behaviour is seen as being shaped by processes such as classical and operant 25 conditioning 0 Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4  PAVLOV'S CLASSISCAL SKINNERS OPERANT plays an important role in the development extinction and shaping of emotional responses COGNITIVE THEORIES emphasize mental aspects of development (i.e.logic and memory)  THEORIES Piaget Information- Vygotsky Bandura cognitive development Processing socio-cultural theory learning does not always theory based on scheme, asserts complex forms of require reinforcement- use the computer as a assimilation, thinking- have their sometimes we learn model of human thinking accommodation, and origins in social through observation with memory processes equilibration interactions  Terms Explained SCHEME ASSIMILATION ACCOMMODATION EQUILIBRATION an internal cognitive is the process of changing the scheme as the process of balancing structure that provides applying schemes to a result of new assimilation and an individual with experiences information accommodation to procedure to follow in a create schemes that fit specific circumstance the environment- we learn what works and what does not work in particular situations  THEORIES Information- Vygotsky Processing Socio-cultural theory asserts complex forms of Use the computer as a thinking have their origins model of human thinking in social interactions with memory processes  THEORIES Piaget Information- Vygotsky Bandura cognitive development Processing socio-cultural theory learning does not always theory based on scheme, asserts complex forms of require reinforcement- use the computer as a assimilation, thinking have their origins sometimes we learn model of human thinking accommodation, and in social interactions through observation with memory processes equilibration  THEORIES Information- Vygotsky Processing Socio-cultural theory asserts complex forms of Use the computer as a thinking have their origins model of human thinking in social interactions with memory processes  THEORIES Piaget Information- Vygotsky Bandura cognitive development Processing socio-cultural theory learning does not always theory based on scheme, asserts complex forms of require reinforcement- use the computer as a assimilation, thinking have their origins sometimes we learn model of human thinking accommodation, and in social interactions through observation with memory processes equilibration  CAN YOU THINK OF AN EXAMPLE OF SCAFFOLDING AND ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT IN YOUR LIFE?  THEORIES Piaget Information- Vygotsky Bandura cognitive development Processing socio-cultural theory learning does not always theory based on scheme, asserts complex forms of require reinforcement- use the computer as a assimilation, thinking have their origins sometimes we learn model of human thinking accommodation, and in social interactions through observation with memory processes equilibration  Bandura bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories emphasis on attention, memory and motivation you can learn through observation, imitation, and modeling  Systems Theory personal and external factors form a dynamic integrated system HOLISM- the 'whole' is primary and often greater than the sum of its parts WELLNESS-a result of adapative adjustement BRONFENBRENNER BIOECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY Bioecological Systems Theory development explained in terms of the relationships between people and their environments, or contexts Classification classifies all the individual and contextual variables that affect development and specifies how they interact  SHIFTING GEARS When you were a twinkle in your mother's eye Development trajectories started before you were even a thought CONCEPTION age of conception is getting higher in Canada THE FIRST STAGE rates of triplets, quadruplets and quintuples has increased over 230% since the mid 1990s AMA is becoming an increasingly common phenomena (35 years plus) increased AMA leads to an increase in conception of multiple births, and an increase in the use of assisted human reproductive techniques - fertility drugs- one of the many assisted human reproductive techniques - cryopreservation- freezes the embryos created in IVF - artificial insemination- injects sperm directly into the woman's uterus PREGNANCY Antenatal conception to postpartum AND PRENATAL Pregnancy DEVELOPMENT physical condition in which a woman's body is nurturing a developing embryo or fetus- 40 weeks Prenatal process that transforms a zygote into a newborn  TRIMESTERS Second Third First 12 to 24 weeks and you 25 + weeks increased from the zygote begin to feel the fetus emotional attachment to implantation to 12 weeks moving the fetus Key Issues: ectopic pregnancy abnormal urine or blood tests increased blood pressure malnutrition bleeding miscarriage WHY IS MALNUTRITION A FIRST TRIMESTER ISSUE IN CANADA? Key Issues: increased blood pressure bleeding premature labour bladder infection toxemia WHAT IS NORMAL DURING PREGNANCY... EVERYTHING AND ANYTHING (MOSTLY)  Age of viability in Ontario the age of viability is 23 weeks - the chance of survival is low in London, Ontario medical intervention starts at 24 weeks (depending on the weight of the baby). 23 weeks- 17% survival 24 weeks- 39% survival 25 weeks- 50% survival 26 weeks- 80% survival 27 weeks- 90% survival 28-31 weeks- 90-95% survival 32-33 weeks- 95% survival 34+ weeks- almost as likely as a full term baby  ISSUES IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Genetic Disorders Chromosomal Teratogens autosomal dominant Errors disorders (i.e. Huntington's maternal disease- disease, extra fingers); deviations in prenatal autosomal recessive trisomy (three copies- i.e. development steaming disorders (i.e. sickle-cell, Down Syndrome); from teratogens (agents cystic fibrosis); sex-linked anomalies with sex causing damage to the recessive disorders chromosomes (Turner's fetus) - greatest risk is in (i.e.red-green colour syndrome) the first 8 weeks blindness, missing front teeth) PRETERM BIRTH/LOW BIRTH WEIGHT... WHAT IS THE BIG DEAL? Preterm life long effects such as- cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, visual and hearing impairment, poor health and growth and behavioral and social-emotional problems Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight negative effects on mental and motor development and growth at 9 months to 2 years of age the effects on physical and mental development seems to lessen over time but the growth effects do not BIRTH LOCATION In London you have two choices... Hospital OB or Midwife in the birth suites (complete with a bed, a tub, a yoga ball, and all medical equipment) Home birth Midwife (complete with all the comforts of home and all the medical equipment of a rural hospital)  HOME BIRTH... WHO DOES IT AND IS IT SAFE? 9% of first time moms plan a home birth and 21% of second time moms only offered to women with no risk factors and spontaneous labors research indicates that low risk women have at least as good, if not better, outcomes than low risk women having hospital births. HOW COULD THERE BE BETTER OUTCOMES FOR HOME BIRTHS?  Stages of Labor 1 2 3 4 muscles of the uterus the cervix is dilated this stage occurs after this is the first few hours start to tighten (contract) completely (10 cm) and the baby is born after birth (breastfeeding and then relax the baby is born you have contractions etc) these contractions help until the placenta is to thin (efface) and open delivered (dilate) the cervix so the baby can pass through the birth canal PROCESS OF BIRTH during the process of birth some babies go into fetal distress (sudden change in fetal heart rate) anoxia (oxygen deprivation) can result in death or brain damage after birth most women require a period of a month or so to recover  PROCESS OF BIRTH 3 STAGES During the process of birth some babies go into fetal distress (sudden change in fetal heart rate) Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) can result in death or brain damage After birth most women require a period of a month or so to recover Gramshire Elementary School | 2020 PROCESS OF BIRTH 3 STAGES During the process of birth some babies go into fetal distress (sudden change in fetal heart rate) Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) can result in death or brain damage After birth most women require a period of a month or so to recover  WHAT WE KNOW... the health of the fetus is impacted long before conception right up until delivery (and beyond) the health influences include emotional, behavioral, physical, and motor- with long lasting effects