Developmental Theories and Epigenetics

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Questions and Answers

Which inheritance pattern is characterized by multiple genes influencing a single trait?

Polygenic inheritance (correct)

Mitochondrial inheritance

Dominant-recessive pattern

Multi-factorial inheritance

What does epigenetics specifically focus on?

Transmission of genes from parents

Changes in the genetic code

Inheritance patterns of chromosomes

Alteration of gene expression (correct)

In Freud's psychosexual theory, which part of the personality is primarily driven by instincts and desires?

Superego

Conscious mind

Ego

Id (correct)

Which stage of Freud's psychosexual theory typically does not result in fixation?

Latency Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of psychoanalytic theories in development?

Developmental change due to internal drives Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect distinguishes genotype from phenotype?

Genotype is the genetic material itself Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral fixation might result from the oral stage of development according to Freud?

Passivity Signup and view all the answers

What role do epigenetic markers play in gene expression?

They regulate gene expression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory?

Complex thinking originates in social interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which theory serves as a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories?

Bandura's Social Learning Theory Signup and view all the answers

What has been observed about the age of conception trends in Canada?

The age of conception is getting higher. Signup and view all the answers

Which assisted reproductive technique involves freezing embryos?

Cryopreservation Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a key issue during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester?

Development of motor skills Signup and view all the answers

What process transforms a zygote into a newborn during pregnancy?

Prenatal development Signup and view all the answers

What perspective does Systems Theory bring to understanding development?

It considers personal and external factors as forming a dynamic system. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding malnutrition is true in the context of pregnancy?

It is especially critical to address in the first trimester. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with an increase in multiple births?

Assisted reproductive techniques Signup and view all the answers

What does Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory classify?

All variables interacting within a person's context Signup and view all the answers

What is the age of viability in Ontario where the chance of survival begins to increase significantly?

23 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT considered a key issue during pregnancy?

Neck pain Signup and view all the answers

Which teratogenic effects occur primarily during the first 8 weeks of prenatal development?

Maternal disease deviations Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the lifelong effects of preterm birth?

Cognitive impairment Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age does survival rate reach 90% during premature intervention?

28 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a genetic disorder category mentioned?

Anomalous mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of humanistic theory?

Self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

What impact does low birth weight have on development at 9 months to 2 years of age?

Negative effects on mental and motor development Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, how many crises must one resolve during development?

Eight Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential survival rate for a baby born at 26 weeks gestation?

80% Signup and view all the answers

What process involves changing a cognitive scheme based on new information?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

Which learning theory emphasizes the impact of environmental experiences on child development?

Behaviorism Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what is the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation?

Equilibration Signup and view all the answers

Which concept best describes the theory that learning occurs through observation and modeling?

Bandura's social learning theory Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory assert about complex forms of thinking?

They arise from social interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'scheme' in cognitive development theory?

An internal cognitive structure Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the term for the process that diminishes a conditioned response?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

What role does reinforcement play in Skinner's operant conditioning theory?

It shapes behavior and responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive theories in psychology?

Mental processes Signup and view all the answers

In the context of learning, what does the term 'scaffolding' refer to?

A temporary support system Signup and view all the answers

Which concept would best suit the definition of using technology to understand human cognition?

Information processing model Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'equilibration' signify in Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A balance of learning processes Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary reasons home births can have better outcomes compared to hospital births for low risk women?

Home births often allow for a more relaxed environment. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of labor is the cervix fully dilated to 10 cm?

Stage 2 Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise during the process of birth that signifies a sudden change in fetal heart rate?

Fetal distress Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can result from anoxia during birth?

Brain damage Signup and view all the answers

At what point after birth do most women typically require recovery time?

Approximately a month or longer Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered to impact the health of the fetus prior to conception?

Genetic conditions of the fetus Signup and view all the answers

Home births are typically offered to women with which of the following characteristics?

Low risk factors and spontaneous labors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the factors impacting fetal health as stated?

A combination of emotional, behavioral, and physical factors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Theories

Focuses on the understanding of normal and intra-uterine pregnancy.
Explains how genes and epigenetics interact with the environment to shape health and well-being.
Genetics controls specific characteristics and we each have 23,000 genes in each cell nucleus of our body.
Genotype is the specific genetic material on individual chromosomes, while phenotype is the observed characteristic.
Patterns of inheritance are dominant-recessive, polygenic, multi-factorial and mitochondrial inheritance (inherited from the mother's egg).

Epigenetics

Study of changes stemming from modification of gene expression, not alteration of the genetic code.
Epigenetic markers regulate gene expression, turning genes on or off.
Epigenetic mechanisms control gene expression and regulate bodily processes.

Psychoanalytic Theories

Developmental change occurs due to the influence of internal drives and emotions on behaviour
Focus on conscious and unconscious processes for determining behaviours.

Freud - Psychosexual Theory

Libido is the instinctual sexual drive.
Personality structure comprises Id, Ego, and Superego, developing over time.

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Interaction of inner instincts and cultural demands shape development
Development occurs in eight psychosocial stages.
Successfully resolving eight dilemmas throughout the Lifespan is essential.

Humanistic Theory

Most important internal drive is to achieve full potential, with self-actualization as the ultimate goal in human life.

Learning Theories

Focuses on environmental experiences that shape the child.
Human behaviour is shaped by classical and operant conditioning.

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

Plays a critical role in the development of emotional responses.

Skinner's Operant Conditioning

Focuses on extinction and shaping.

Cognitive Theories

Emphasize mental aspects of development, including logic and memory.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

Based on schema, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.

Information Processing Theory

Uses a computer model of human thinking with memory processes.

Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory

Complex forms of thinking originate from social interactions.

Learning does not always require reinforcement.
Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling.

Systems Theory

Personal and external factors form a dynamic integrated system.
Holism emphasizes the whole being greater than the sum of its parts.
Wellness is a result of adaptive adjustment.

Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory

Development is explained through the relationships between people and their environments.
Classification categorizes individual and contextual variables influencing development, and their interactions.

Conception

The age of conception is increasing in Canada.
Increased rates of triplets, quadruplets, and quintuplets since the mid-1990s.
AMA (Advanced Maternal Age) is a common phenomenon, with a prevalence of 35 years plus.
Increased AMA leads to more multiple births and increased use of assisted human reproductive techniques, fertility drugs.

Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

Antenatal - conception to post-partum.
Pregnancy is a physical condition where the woman nurtures a developing embryo or fetus.
Prenatal transforms a zygote into a newborn.

Trimesters of Pregnancy

First trimester: Zygote implantation to twelve weeks.
Second trimester: 12 to 24 weeks, with the beginning of feeling fetal movement.
Third trimester: 25 weeks and above, with an increased emotional attachment to the fetus.

Key Issues in Prenatal Development

Ectopic pregnancy, abnormal urine/blood tests, blood pressure, malnutrition, bleeding, and miscarriage can occur in the first trimester.
High blood pressure, bleeding, premature labor, bladder infection, and toxemia can occur in the second and third trimesters.

Age of Viability

In Ontario, it is 23 weeks, but survival is low.
Medical intervention in London, Ontario, begins at 24 weeks, based on the baby's weight.
Survival rates: 17% at 23 weeks, 39% at 24, 50% at 25, 80% at 26, 90 % at 27, 90-95% at 28-31, 95% at 32-33, and a high chance of survival like a full-term baby at 34 weeks and above.

Issues in Prenatal Development

Genetic disorders: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked recessive, and chromosomal errors leading to trisomy and anomalies with sex chromosomes.
Teratogens: maternal diseases and deviations in prenatal development caused by teratogenic agents damaging the fetus. The greatest risk is during the first eight weeks of gestation.

Preterm Birth

It causes lifelong effects, including cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, visual and hearing issues, poor health and growth, as well as behavioral and social-emotional problems.

Low Birth Weight

Negative effects on mental and motor development, growth at 9 months to 2 years, although the effects on physical and mental development tend to lessen over time, the growth effects persist.

Birth Location

In London, Ontario, options include hospital OB or a midwife in the birth suites, or home birth with a midwife.

Home Birth

9% of first-time mothers and 21% of second-time mothers choose this option.
Limited to women with no risk factors and spontaneous labors.
Research suggests low-risk women have better outcomes with home birth compared to hospital births.

Stages of Labor

Stage 1: Uterine muscle contractions begin relaxing, helping the cervix thin and open to facilitate the passage of the baby.
Stage 2: The cervix is fully dilated to 10 cm, leading to the baby's birth.
Stage 3: Occurs after the baby is born. Contractions continue until the placenta is delivered.
Stage 4: The first few hours after the birth, focusing on breastfeeding, etc.

Process of Birth

Some babies experience fetal distress during birth, defined as a sudden change in fetal heart rate.
Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) can result in death or brain damage.
Most women need about a month or so to recover after birth.

Conclusion

Fetal health is impacted throughout the developmental process, from before conception until delivery and beyond.
The influences affecting health are emotional, behavioral, physical, and motor, with long-lasting effects.

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Description

Explore the intricate relationships between genetics, epigenetics, and developmental theories. This quiz covers essential concepts such as genotype and phenotype, inheritance patterns, and the impact of epigenetic markers on gene expression. Test your knowledge on how these theories shape our understanding of health and behavior.