Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is developmental science?
What is developmental science?
Developmental science is the study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan.
Developmental science is considered a ______ field.
Developmental science is considered a ______ field.
Which of these is NOT one of the classic basic issues in developmental science?
Which of these is NOT one of the classic basic issues in developmental science?
Which of the following best describes the lifespan perspective?
Which of the following best describes the lifespan perspective?
Signup and view all the answers
The "chronosystem" refers to the dynamic, ever-changing nature of a person's environment.
The "chronosystem" refers to the dynamic, ever-changing nature of a person's environment.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a domain of development?
Which of the following is NOT a domain of development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is resilience?
What is resilience?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is considered the founder of the psychoanalytic perspective?
Who is considered the founder of the psychoanalytic perspective?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Freud's theory of the personality?
Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Freud's theory of the personality?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Erikson emphasize in his psychosocial stages?
What did Erikson emphasize in his psychosocial stages?
Signup and view all the answers
Which theory emphasizes the idea that children learn by observing and imitating others?
Which theory emphasizes the idea that children learn by observing and imitating others?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a "sensitive period" in development?
What is a "sensitive period" in development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the focus of evolutionary developmental psychology?
What is the focus of evolutionary developmental psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory known for?
What is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory known for?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of environment in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of environment in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a hypothesis in scientific research?
What is a hypothesis in scientific research?
Signup and view all the answers
Which research method involves observing behavior in a natural setting?
Which research method involves observing behavior in a natural setting?
Signup and view all the answers
Which research design involves studying the same participants repeatedly at different ages?
Which research design involves studying the same participants repeatedly at different ages?
Signup and view all the answers
Correlational research designs can determine cause and effect.
Correlational research designs can determine cause and effect.
Signup and view all the answers
Which research design involves randomly assigning participants to different treatment conditions?
Which research design involves randomly assigning participants to different treatment conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary ethical concern in research with human participants?
What is the primary ethical concern in research with human participants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main focus of the field of developmental science?
What is the main focus of the field of developmental science?
Signup and view all the answers
Flashcards
Developmental Science
Developmental Science
The study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan.
Basic Issues in Development
Basic Issues in Development
Key questions addressing continuity, courses of development, and the nature-nurture debate.
Lifespan Perspective
Lifespan Perspective
Development is lifelong, multidimensional, and influenced by various forces.
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature vs. Nurture
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stability and Plasticity
Stability and Plasticity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Contexts of Development
Contexts of Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Freud’s Three Parts of Personality
Freud’s Three Parts of Personality
Signup and view all the flashcards
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ecological Systems Theory
Ecological Systems Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Information Processing
Information Processing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethology
Ethology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensitive Period
Sensitive Period
Signup and view all the flashcards
Correlational Research
Correlational Research
Signup and view all the flashcards
Experimental Research Design
Experimental Research Design
Signup and view all the flashcards
Longitudinal Design
Longitudinal Design
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cross-Sectional Design
Cross-Sectional Design
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clinical Interview
Clinical Interview
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Research Ethics
Research Ethics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Developmental Neuroscience
Developmental Neuroscience
Signup and view all the flashcards
Resilience
Resilience
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cognitive Development
Cognitive Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Emotional and Social Development
Emotional and Social Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Physical Development
Physical Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Major Developmental Theories
Major Developmental Theories
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lifespan Perspective Issues
Lifespan Perspective Issues
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Development Through the Lifespan - Chapter 1
- Developmental science is the study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan, characterized by scientific, applied, and interdisciplinary approaches.
Learning Objectives
- 1.1: Understanding developmental science, and what spurred its expansion.
- 1.2: Identifying three fundamental issues that developmental theories address (continuous/discontinuous development, single/multiple developmental pathways, nature/nurture).
- 1.3: Defining the lifespan perspective on development (lifelong, multidimensional/multidirectional, highly plastic, influenced by multiple interacting factors).
- 1.4: Tracing major early influences on the scientific study of development (evolutionary theory, normative approach, mental testing movement).
- 1.5: Recognizing theories that influenced human development research in the mid-20th century.
- 1.6: Describing recent theoretical perspectives on human development.
- 1.7: Identifying the position each major theory takes on the three basic issues of human development.
- 1.8: Describing the common methods used in human development research.
- 1.9: Differentiating correlational and experimental research designs.
- 1.10: Describing designs for studying development, noting their strengths and limitations.
- 1.11: Understanding special ethical concerns in research on human development.
Basic Issues in Development
- Continuity vs. discontinuity: Is development a gradual, continuous process or a series of distinct stages?
- One course vs. many courses: Does development follow a single path for all individuals, or are there multiple paths?
- Nature vs. nurture: How do heredity (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) interact to shape development?
Contexts of Development
- Development is shaped by unique combinations of personal and environmental factors, often resulting in diverse developmental paths.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature: Hereditary information received from parents at conception.
- Nurture: Physical and social forces influencing biological and psychological development.
Stability and Plasticity
- Stability: Persistence of individual differences. Lifelong patterns sometimes established by early experiences.
- Plasticity: Openness to change throughout life. Change is based upon influential experiences.
Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View
- Development is lifelong: Change and development occur throughout life.
- Multidimensional/multidirectional: Development occurs across multiple domains (physical, cognitive, emotional/social) in ways that can be complex and interrelated.
- Highly plastic: Open to positive or negative change influenced by specific experiences.
- Influenced by multiple interacting forces: Age-graded (e.g., puberty), history-graded (e.g., historical events), and nonnormative (e.g., unexpected life events) influences interact.
Periods of Development
- Covers major stages of human development, from conception to death.
Domains of Development
- Physical: Body size, proportions, and functioning of body systems.
- Cognitive: Intellectual abilities.
- Emotional and social: Emotional communication, self-understanding, interpersonal skills, and relationships.
Resilience
- The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development, which depends upon: personal characteristics, warm parental relationships, social support outside the family, and community resources and opportunities.
Scientific Beginnings: Early Scientific Theories
- Evolutionary theory: Darwin emphasized natural selection and survival of the fittest.
- Normative approach: Hall and Gesell studied typical development based on large-scale studies of children at various ages identifying age-related averages.
- Mental testing movement: Binet and Simon's work on intelligence testing highlighted individual differences in development.
Mid-Twentieth Century Theories
- Psychoanalytic perspective (Freud and Erikson): Emphasis on individual unique life history; conflicts between biological drives and societal expectations.
- Freud's three parts of personality: Id (unconscious needs), ego (rational decision-making), superego (conscience)
- Erikson's psychosocial stages: Stages of development involving psychosocial conflict/crises at each stage (e.g., basic trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt).
- Behaviorism and social learning theory: Learning through classical conditioning (stimulus-response) and operant conditioning (reinforcement/punishment). Social learning theory focuses on modeling/observational learning.
- Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory: Focuses on children's cognitive development through distinct stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).
- Information processing theory: Views the mind as a symbol-manipulating system, with development as a continuous process, often using flowcharts to map problem-solving steps.
Recent Theoretical Perspectives
- Information processing: Continuous development, use of problem-solving flowcharts, lacks insight into nonlinear cognition.
- Developmental neuroscience: Relationship between brain activity, cognitive processing and behavior. Includes psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine. Developmental social neuroscience examines relationship between brain activity and emotional and social development, focusing on neural systems underlying adolescent risk-taking.
- Ethology: Focuses on adaptive value and evolutionary history of behavior, often using concepts like imprinting, critical period, and sensitive period (optimal time for capacity to emerge).
- Evolutionary developmental psychology: Studies species-wide competencies, cognitive, emotional, and social change across the lifespan. Examines the person-environment system.
- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory: Emphasizes cultural transmission of values, beliefs, and skills—social interaction, cooperative dialogues.
- Ecological systems theory: Development occurs within multiple interconnected environments (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem) as well as the chronosystem or the changing nature of the environment for the person. Person and environment interact and influence one another.
Studying Development
- Scientific Research: Hypotheses are derived from theories. Research methods and designs aid in conducting studies.
- Systematic Observation: Naturalistic (uncontrolled environment) and structured (controlled lab settings).
- Self-Reports: Clinical interview (flexible) and structured interview (formal questions).
- Clinical/Case Study: Combining various methods to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the individual.
- Ethnography: Participant observation in a culture or social group.
- Correlational research design: Examines relationships between variables but cannot imply causation.
- Experimental research design: Manipulates variables to investigate cause-and-effect relationships.
- Modified experiments: Field experiments occur in the real world, quasi-experiments study existing groups. Longitudinal (same people over time), Cross-sectional (different groups at one time), and Sequential (combining cross-sectional and longitudinal studies) design differences and similarities
Ethics in Lifespan Research
- Protection from harm: Minimizing risks to participants.
- Informed consent: Gaining participants' agreement to participate in research after explaining procedures and risks.
- Privacy: Protecting participants' personal information.
- Knowledge of results: Participants have access to the findings of the study.
- Beneficial treatments: If interventions are used in research, they should be beneficial to those involved (e.g., therapy).
Limits of Use
- Material may be viewed, browsed, or downloaded for temporary use only for non-commercial personal purposes; further reproduction, distribution, or use requires permission.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the foundations of developmental science in this quiz based on Chapter 1. Understand key concepts such as lifespan perspectives and major influences on the field. Dive into the fundamental issues addressed by developmental theories, including nature versus nurture.
