Defining and Classifying Motor Skills

<p>Rolling a kayak in a pool where the conditions and performance may vary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Practicing golf putts on a practice green to a game on a golf course. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To be able to teach, train, or fix movement effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflexes are involuntary; motor skills are voluntary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The precision required and size of muscles used (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voluntary movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catching a ball (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gross to fine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kicking a soccer ball (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A body transport skill with object manipulation and no inter-trial variability with a stationary environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A muscle's electrical activity, specifically the sum of its action potentials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers which it innervates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response time in a simple task (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The angles of the joints of the limbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical activity in the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramuscular EMG measures the activity of single motor units, while surface EMG measures the activity of a population of motor units. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To induce non-invasive stimulation of the brain and assess motor cortical activity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-synaptic dendritic currents from a population of cortical neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring the activity of single motor neurons at the spinal cord. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical activity of muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical activity in neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To investigate neural pathways involved in movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface Electromyography (sEMG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By detecting oxygen levels in the blood through light absorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operates without feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inability to control multiple variables effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They use sensory feedback to inform performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As part of a schema that varies by the context of movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A thermostat in a house (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The assumption that behavioural changes follow a linear progression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The system can transition from predictable to unpredictable behavior under certain conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predictable and then unpredictable variations in the water wheel's rotation patterns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows that even rule-based systems can have states where patterns do not repeat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The delay in neural transmission, as exemplified by the elephant's nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying the task and selecting an appropriate response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding specific parameters to a generalized motor program. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attractor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor program theory uses a generalized motor program for timing while dynamical systems suggests that timing self-organizes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integrating movement preparation and execution information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory and language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processing visual details and inputs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Posterior parietal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Planning and preparing movement sequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellar nuclei (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cerebellum communicates with the primary motor cortex to coordinate movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They send neural impulses to the central nervous system (CNS). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parietal lobe's primary somatosensory cortex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primarily dendrites, cell bodies, and axon terminals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ventral horn and ventral column. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small motor units with slow-twitch fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor unit recruitment and rate coding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rate coding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prioritizes recruitment of units with the highest force capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vision often takes precedence over proprioceptive information during movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vision is critical for movement planning, providing key information about trajectories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vision compensated for the lack of proprioception in static hand positions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vision diminishes in importance as motor skills become more automated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vision has no significant effect on the perception of body position. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Responding to low light conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for obstacle avoidance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dorsal stream is responsible for object recognition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 to 160 msec (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the time needed to reach a target. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The variation in movement from one attempt to another in motor skills.

Maintaining a stable position without movement of the body.

Moving from one location to another with the body.

Involves using hands or body to handle objects during a motor skill.

Large muscle movements involved in activities like running or jumping.

Small, precise muscle movements involved in tasks like writing or buttoning.

A setting where the conditions change and are unpredictable during performance.

A setting where the movement environment is stable and predictable.

A task that requires voluntary movement to achieve a goal.

An involuntary movement not initiated by the brain.

Skills that involve large muscle groups for movement.

Skills that involve smaller muscle groups and precise movements.

Movements that have a clear beginning and end.

Movements that flow without a defined starting or stopping point.

Distinct movements with a clear beginning and end.

A sequence of discrete movements.

Movements that are cyclic or repetitive.

Performing in a predictable environment.

Performing in an unpredictable environment.

A system that captures skill complexity based on environmental context.

A task requiring voluntary movement to achieve a goal.

Movements can be classified based on systems: Gross-Fine, Discrete-Serial-Continuous, Closed-Open.

Open environments involve interaction with unpredictable elements; closed environments are controlled and predictable.

EMG that records electrical activity from individual motor units in a muscle.

EMG that measures electrical activity from the surface of the skin over a muscle.

Non-invasive brain stimulation to assess motor cortical activity.

The sum of responses from a population of activated corticospinal neurons.

Continuous recording of electrical activity in the brain.

A technique to measure the electrical activity of muscles.

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls.

Methods to visualize brain activity and structure.

Quantitative analysis of motion (e.g., position, velocity).

Analysis of forces involved in movement.

Technique using near-infrared light to measure brain activity based on blood flow changes.

Methods used to study the nervous system and brain function, often through stimulation or recording.

Genetics influence physiology affecting motor skills and performance.

Practice enhances neural changes vital for motor skill performance.

Access to resources affects participation in sports.

Effective coaching elevates skills and bridges the gap to elite performance.

Performance of motor skills is influenced by environmental conditions.

Patterns or sequences of body and limb movements in relation to environmental patterns.

The number of variables or components a nervous system must control during movement.

A system that operates without feedback during performance.

A system that uses feedback to monitor and adjust performance.

Theory describing how movement is planned and executed through generalized motor programs and specific parameters.

A theory emphasizing the interaction between a system's components and its environment for motor control.

The ability of a movement or system to maintain its state or trajectory despite disturbances.

Preferred states or patterns of movement that systems naturally follow in motor control.

The process by which complex movements are formed from simple interactions of system components.

Behavioural changes that do not follow a continuous and linear progression over time.

Predictable systems can become chaotic under certain conditions without patterns.

Determinist systems follow rules; non-determinist systems do not have predictable patterns.

Practice moving fingers in an anti-phase pattern, enhancing coordination and awareness.

The brain's largest part, divided into right and left hemispheres.

Brain region responsible for planning, controlling, coordinating movements.

Lobe that integrates movement preparation and execution information.

Part of the brain associated with memory and language processing.

The brain area crucial for processing visual information.

Part of the frontal lobe involved in attention, decision-making, and planning.

A complex brain structure involved in balance, coordination, and error correction.

Part of the parietal lobe that processes sensory information from the body.

Integrates multiple sensory inputs for movement preparation and planning.

Models that explain how movements are planned, executed, and corrected based on sensory feedback.

Neurons that send neural impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors.

Neurons that transmit neural impulses from the CNS to muscles.

Neurons that transmit information within the CNS.

Neural pathways that carry sensory information to the brain.

Motor units are recruited from small to large based on force needed.

The process of varying muscular contraction force by changing firing rate of motor units.

To supply nerves to a muscle, facilitating its movement.

Information received from sensory organs that help in controlling movement.

Vision plays a dominant role in planning and initiating movements.

Sensory receptors that provide information about body position and movement.

Vision often overrides proprioceptive and tactile information in motor skills.

The central nervous system uses vision to plan movement trajectories.

Patients lacking proprioceptive feedback who compensate with vision for movement control.

Vision is used for online control to correct movements sighted during execution.

Central vision focuses on fixating objects, while peripheral vision aids during movement and obstacle avoidance.

Rods respond to low light and are located in the retina's periphery, while cones respond to bright light and color in the center.

The dorsal stream is for action and spatial awareness; the ventral stream is for object recognition and perception.

An illusion where vision alters proprioceptive and tactile feedback processing, making someone feel a fake hand is theirs.