Motor Control Theories Lecture Notes PDF

Review from last class What is the most important factor in determining sport performance? GROUP % vote - start % vote - end Genetics 18% 36% (+18%) Practice/Hard Work 56% 30% (-26%) Coaching 18% 12% (-...

Review from last class What is the most important factor in determining sport performance? GROUP % vote - start % vote - end Genetics 18% 36% (+18%) Practice/Hard Work 56% 30% (-26%) Coaching 18% 12% (-6%) Socioeconomic 9% 21% (+12%) 1 Review from last class Some key points: Group 1: Genetics underlie our physiology, which can impact our motor abilities and skill performance Group 2: Practice drives neural change that is needed to support motor skill performance Group 3: Participation depends on access to money and support resources Group 4: Coaching supports quality training and bridges the gap from good to great 2  Review from last class A – has not participated in sport B – Elite, could achieve world record C – has world record, could get better D – Elite, but reached max ability D – has not participated in sport E – no potential to reach elite Maximu m Start Current 3  KIN 280 – Motor control and Learning Motor Control Theories Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies University of Regina, Regina, SK January 17, 2025 4 Motor Control Theories Enter in a motor skill that you perform regularly (keep it concise if you can). 5 Motor Control Theories What joints are involved in execution of the skill that you entered? 6 Motor Control Theories What environmental features might impact how you perform the skill that you provided? 7 Motor Control Theories People commonly demonstrate the ability to control highly complex movements in challenging environmental conditions How?! Lindsey Vonn, www.qz.com 8 Motor Control Theories Learning Outcomes: Define the term coordination as it relates to performance of skilled movement Describe the degrees of freedom problem Compare and contrast open-loop, closed-loop and internal model control systems Describe Motor Program Theory in terms of the generalized motor program, movement-specific parameters and schema 9  Motor Control Theories Coordination: patterns or sequences of body and limb movements relative to the patterning of environmental m www.airspacemag.co objects or events Degrees of freedom: number of variables or components of a system A comprehensive theory of motor control must consider how the A helicopter pilot faces a difficult ‘degrees of nervous system controls multiple freedom problem’. degrees of freedom (i.e., the degrees of freedom problem) 10 Motor Control Theories Open loop control: no feedback Closed loop control: utilizes feedback to monitor performance Feedback comes from sensory/afferent information transmitted by specialized receptors E.g., proprioception, vision, vestibular, Feedback vs Feedforward control. auditory 11  Motor Control Theories Open-loop control Closed-loop control Mechanical example: Digital video recorder Mechanical example: Thermostat in a Pre-programmed to turn on and off at set house times Set the desired room temperature Will not change times even if program runs Room temperature provides feedback to longer than scheduled indicate when to turn the heat on and off Motor skill example: throwing a dart Motor skill example: Driving a car. when the throw is initiated, the arm Driver uses visual and proprioceptive movement and dart release occurs as specified by plans made before the information to keep the car in a lane 12 initiation of the movement  Motor Control Theories Which of the following skills would most likely be executed with open-loop motor control? A. Picking up a coin B. Walking up stairs C. Moving a computer mouse D. Kicking a soccer ball 13  Motor Control Theories Close your right eye and look directly at the cross with your left eye. Notice that you can also see the dot. Focus on the cross, but be aware of the dot as you slowly move your face toward the screen. The dot will disappear, and then reappear, as you bring the your face toward the screen. You have a BLINDSPOT on your retina! 14  Motor Control Theories Internal models: Inverse Motor Motor output Forward models model command allow the CNS to make predictions Efference about the copy outcome of motor commands Desired Forward behaviour model Actual Inverse models determine the behaviour motor command Predicted necessary to behaviour achieve a desired sensory consequence Sensory Prediction is key! Sensory consequence processing 15 Motor Control Theories Internal models ‘Inverse model’ Input is desired behaviour Output is motor command ‘Forward model’ Input is motor command Output is prediction of behaviour Predicti Control on 16  Motor Control Theories According to internal models of motor control, an _________ _____ is a duplicate of a motor command and a prediction of the associated outcome of the motor command. Rank Responses 1 2 3 4 5 6 17 Motor Control Theories Motor program theory: emphasizes role of memory Generalized motor program (GMP) – A memory-based construct that controls a “class of actions” (e.g., throwing, kicking, walking) Accounts for the adaptive and flexible qualities of coordinated- movement behaviour Class of actions contains invariant features (movement template) Invariant features are the “signature” of the GMP Movement-specific parameters added to the GMP depending on performance characteristics 18 Motor Control Theories Motor program theory: focused on important role of memory 1) Identify task and “class of actions” 2) Retrieve the appropriate Generalized motor program (GMP) 3) Add the Movement-specific parameters to the GMP depending on performance characteristics 19 Motor Control Theories Generalized motor program (GMP): Examples of common invariant features: movement component sequence, relative timing, relative force Examples of common movement-specific parameters: muscles used, total force, movement duration Bruce Wayne © 20  Motor Control Theories Generalized motor program (GMP): Relative timing as an invariant feature Movement duration as a movement- specific parameter 21 Motor Control Theories Schema in motor control: Schema – A set of rules used to make a decision, developed by combining important pieces of information from related experiences These are both dogs www.akc.o www.animalwised. rg com Provides a theory of how the GMP operates to control movement It refers to the idea that a rule-based system is used to adapt/refine motor patterns (i.e., to select the proper movement- specific parameters) This is supposed to solve the “degrees of freedom problem” 22 Motor Control Theories Schema in motor control: Motor response schema – the specific rules that are used by the CNS to make decisions regarding the parameters of the GMP e.g., the relationship between distance and force when swinging a golf club (to hit the ball further you need to hit the ball harder) 23  Motor Control Theories List two skills that you think would be likely to use the same GMP. Rank Responses 1 2 3 4 5 6 24  Motor Control Theories Throwing a baseball and a football would be expected to use the same “throwing” GMP. Which of the following might be considered an “invariant feature” of this GMP? A. Muscles used B. Total wrist torque C. Relative joint torque D. Duration of movement 25 Motor Control Theories Summary of Learning Outcomes: Coordination, degrees of freedom problem Patterns of movement relative to environment, many variables/components to manage for such good motor control Compare and contrast open-loop, closed-loop, and inverse model control systems Feed-forward, feedback, combinations, prediction is key Describe Motor Program Theory in terms of the generalized motor program, movement-specific parameters and schema Class of actions, parameters, rule-based system 26 Motor Control Theories Monday January 20 – Motor Control Theories 27