29 Questions
What is the primary function of IL-2 in terms of cytokine-receptor interactions?
T-cell activation
What is a characteristic of cytokines in terms of their production?
They require a stimulus for production
Which type of cytokine binding results in the activation of cells in the immediate vicinity?
Paracrine binding
Which of the following cytokine families includes IL-2 and IL-4?
Hematopoietin family
What is the primary source of cytokines?
TH cells and macrophages
What is a function of cytokines secreted by TH cells?
Activation of B cells, CTLs, MΦ, and NK cells
What is the primary characteristic of acute phase of inflammation?
Accumulation of fluid and leukocytes
Which type of cytokine promotes systemic inflammation?
Proinflammatory cytokine
What is the primary function of anti-inflammatory cytokines?
To reduce inflammation and promote healing
What is the role of cytokines in host responses?
To regulate host responses to infection, immune responses, inflammation, and trauma
What is the effect of proinflammatory cytokines on disease?
They make disease worse
What is the primary difference between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines?
Proinflammatory cytokines promote inflammation, while anti-inflammatory cytokines reduce it
What is a common feature among the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7?
They share a common γ chain
What is the consequence of cytokine binding to its receptor?
Aggregation of the receptors at the cell surface
What type of immunity is activated by Th1 cells?
Cell-mediated immunity
Which of the following cytokines is not typically produced by Th2 cells?
IL-2
What is the primary target of the cytokine IL-7?
Stem cells
What type of cytokine is IL-10?
Th2 cytokine
What is the role of JAKs in cytokine signaling?
To phosphorylate STATs and themselves
What is the effect of bacterial cell wall endotoxins on macrophages?
They stimulate macrophages to produce IL-1 and TNF-α.
What is the role of Th2 cells in immune responses?
Activate B cells
Which cytokine is a chemokine that primarily targets neutrophils and endothelial cells?
IL-8
What is the consequence of a defective γ chain in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)?
Impaired cytokine signaling
What type of bacteria can cause bacterial septic shock?
Gram-negative bacteria.
What is the result of phosphorylation of STATs by JAKs?
Dimerized STATs translocate to the nucleus
What is a common symptom of bacterial septic shock?
A drop in blood pressure.
What is the primary mechanism by which bacterial septic shock develops?
Bacterial cell wall endotoxins stimulate macrophages to overproduce IL-1 and TNF-α.
What is one of the roles of cytokines in immune responses?
To initiate inflammation
What is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating bacterial septic shock?
Using antagonists to block the effects of IL-1 and TNF-α.
Understand the functions of cytokines, including their binding to receptors, altering gene expression, and three primary functions. Learn about autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine interactions, and their role in T-cell activation and inflammation.
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