Immunology: Cytokines and Opportunistic Pathogens

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of cytokines?

  • Regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses and blood cells (correct)
  • Inhibit the immune system
  • Promote the growth of pathogens
  • Have no significant function in the body

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

  • A pathogen that only affects individuals with lung disease
  • A pathogen that is harmless in normal conditions but becomes harmful in a compromised host (correct)
  • A pathogen that is always harmful in any host
  • A pathogen that only affects immunocompromised individuals

What is a nosocomial infection?

  • An infection caused by fungi
  • An infection caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria
  • An infection transmitted through the air
  • An infection that occurs in hospitals (correct)

Who discovered Koch's postulates?

<p>Robert Koch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is herd immunity?

<p>Immunity in most of a population, limiting outbreaks to sporadic cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

<p>A sign is measurable, while a symptom is only felt by the patient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of endotoxins released by gram-negative bacteria?

<p>They cause disseminated intravascular coagulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ID 50 measure?

<p>The infectious dose for 50% of a sample population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is opsonization?

<p>The enhancement of phagocytosis by coating microorganisms with serum proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine contains inactivated toxins produced by a pathogen?

<p>Toxoid vaccine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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