Coronary Artery Disease and Arteriosclerosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of death in the first hour after a myocardial infarction (MI)?

  • Cardiac rupture
  • Ventricular arrhythmia and fibrillation (correct)
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Cardiogenic shock

    • Which of the following can cause cardiac conduction irregularities after an MI?

  • Increased potassium release from damaged cells
  • Inflammation spreading to the conduction pathway
  • Cocaine use
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the most common complication of an MI that occurs days or weeks later when activity is resumed?

  • Congestive heart failure (correct)
  • Cardiac rupture
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Ventricular arrhythmia

    • Which of the following is a rare complication of an MI?

    <p>Thromboembolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate mortality rate in the first year after an MI?

    <p>30-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of lipids or fats in atherosclerosis?

    <p>They play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a risk factor for atherosclerosis mentioned in the text?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of myocardial infarction (heart attack) according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery, also known as the 'widow-maker'?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most specific diagnostic test for myocardial infarction (heart attack) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Serum levels of myosin and cardiac troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem associated with coronary artery disease?

    <p>Damage to heart muscle due to insufficient oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes atherosclerosis?

    <p>Formation of plaques in the walls of large arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is the leading cause of death in both women and men in the USA?

    <p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are atheromas most likely to form?

    <p>At bifurcation points of large arteries due to turbulent blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by diffuse ischemia and necrosis of tissues like the kidney, brain, or heart?

    <p>Arteriosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of congestive heart failure?

    <p>Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side of the heart typically fails first in congestive heart failure?

    <p>The left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compensation mechanism in congestive heart failure can aggravate the condition?

    <p>Increased vasoconstriction and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural changes occur in the heart during congestive heart failure?

    <p>The chambers of the heart tend to enlarge (dilate), and the cardiac muscle becomes hypertrophied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in congestive heart failure?

    <p>The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and peripheral resistance, decreasing the efficiency of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an atrial heart rate of 160-350 BPM?

    <p>Atrial flutter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for atrial fibrillation?

    <p>Anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a condition where there is no transmission of impulses from the atria to the ventricles?

    <p>Third-degree heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a condition where interference with conduction in one of the bundle branches occurs, without altering cardiac output?

    <p>Bundle branch block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a condition where muscle fibers contract independently and rapidly, causing ineffective ejection of blood?

    <p>Ventricular fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of congestive heart failure (CHF) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'forward' effect associated with CHF?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output leading to reduced blood supply to tissues and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Hepatomegaly and ascites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated incidence of congenital heart defects mentioned in the text?

    <p>8 out of 1000 babies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to right-sided heart failure according to the passage?

    <p>Pulmonary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a left to right shunt?

    <p>Blood flows from the left side of the heart to the right side, and then to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of a right to left shunt?

    <p>Deoxygenated blood bypasses the lungs and enters the systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common congenital heart defect?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect (VSD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of a large ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

    <p>It causes a left to right shunt, reducing stroke volume and cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with valvular defects?

    <p>They reduce the efficiency of the heart's pumping action and stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the surgical procedure to treat aortic valve stenosis?

    <p>To replace the aortic valve with a mechanical, animal or tissue engineered valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often do the animal valves (porcine or bovine) used to replace the aortic valve need to be replaced?

    <p>Every 10 to 12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication must patients take after aortic valve replacement surgery?

    <p>Warfarin or Coumadin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of the Tetralogy of Fallot that leads to cyanosis (bluish skin) in babies?

    <p>Pulmonary valve stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary surgical treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Closing the VSD and repairing the pulmonary valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of primary or essential hypertension?

    <p>It is consistently over 140/90 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups has a higher prevalence and earlier onset of hypertension?

    <p>African Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line of treatment for hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe hypertension that is extremely high and a true medical emergency?

    <p>Malignant or resistant hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key sign of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Consistently elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

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