45 Questions
Which atrial arrhythmia is characterized by a heart rate of over 350 BPM?
Atrial fibrillation
What is the term used when conduction is excessively delayed or stopped at the AV node or Bundle of His?
First-degree block
What device may be required for serious life-threatening dysrhythmias?
AED (Automatic Electric Defibrillator)
Which type of arrhythmia causes muscle fibers to contract independently and rapidly, leading to contractions ceasing?
Ventricular fibrillation
What characteristic makes a third-degree heart block different from a partial block?
Absence of transmission of impulses from atria to ventricles
What is the main problem associated with coronary artery disease?
Insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle
Which of the following statements about arteriosclerosis is correct?
It primarily affects small arteries and arterioles
Where do atheromas typically form in the context of atherosclerosis?
In the walls of large arteries, particularly at bifurcation points
Which of the following is the leading cause of death in both women and men in the USA?
Coronary artery disease
What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Arteriosclerosis involves hardening of arterial walls, while atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup
What is the primary cause of congestive heart failure?
Increased demands on the heart due to hypertension or lung disease
Which side of the heart typically fails first in congestive heart failure?
The left ventricle
What is the primary compensation mechanism that the body uses to maintain cardiac output in congestive heart failure?
Increased renin and aldosterone secretion
What structural changes occur in the heart during congestive heart failure?
The heart chambers dilate and the cardiac muscle becomes hypertrophied
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart in congestive heart failure?
It increases heart rate and peripheral resistance, decreasing the heart's efficiency
What is the most common cause of sudden death in patients after a myocardial infarction (MI)?
Ventricular arrhythmia and fibrillation
What can interfere with the normal conduction of electrical impulses in the heart?
All of the above
Which of the following statements about bradycardia is true?
It is a regular but slow heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
What is the most common type of dysrhythmia leading to hospital admissions?
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
What is a possible mechanism for premature atrial contractions (PACs)?
Both A and B
What is the main role of lipids or fats in atherosclerosis?
They play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis.
What is the main cause of hypercholesterolemia?
Genetic factors that lead to fewer LDL receptors than normal.
What is the main diagnostic test used to detect a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes.
What is the most common symptom of a heart attack in women?
Chest pain or discomfort.
What is the significance of a high CRP (C-reactive protein) level in a heart attack?
It indicates a more severe inflammatory response, making plaque rupture and thrombus formation more likely.
What is the main consequence of decreased cardiac output in congestive heart failure?
Decreased supply of nutrients and oxygen to tissues
Why does left-sided congestive heart failure lead to pulmonary congestion?
Impaired pumping of blood into the systemic circulation
What effect does essential hypertension have on the left ventricle in congestive heart failure?
Causes hypertrophy and eventual failure of the left ventricle
Why does right-sided congestive heart failure occur in individuals with pulmonary disease?
Increased workload for right ventricle due to pulmonary resistance
What are common signs of right-sided heart failure and systemic backup in congestive heart failure?
Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and digestive disturbances
What is the main consequence of a left-to-right shunt?
Increased pulmonary circulation volume
What is the main characteristic of cyanotic conditions?
Venous blood mixing with arterial blood
What is the main compensation mechanism in response to a heart defect?
Increased cardiac contractility
What is the most common symptom of a large congenital heart defect?
Reduced growth and development
What is the most common treatment for congenital heart defects?
Surgical repair
What is the primary treatment for aortic valve stenosis?
Surgical replacement of the aortic valve
How often do patients with a replaced aortic valve typically need to have it replaced again?
Every 10-12 years
What medication do patients with a replaced aortic valve typically need to take?
Warfarin or Coumadin
What is the most common type of animal valve used to replace an aortic valve?
Porcine (pig) valve
What is the key feature of Tetralogy of Fallot?
Narrowing of the pulmonary valve
What is the primary surgical treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot?
Surgical repair
What percentage of adults are considered pre-hypertensive?
30%
Which group has the highest prevalence and earliest onset of hypertension?
African Americans
What is the first-line treatment for hypertension?
Lifestyle changes
What is the term used to describe hypertension that is extremely high and life-threatening?
Malignant hypertension
Test your knowledge on coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, arteriosclerosis, shock, and atherosclerosis. Learn about the leading cause of death related to heart conditions in the USA.
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