Questions and Answers
What is Piaget's phase for ages 2-7?
Preoperational Phase
The Preoperational Phase is divided into two phases: __ and __.
Preconceptual phase, Intuitive phase
What are the ages for the preconceptual phase in Piaget's theory?
What are the ages for the intuitive phase in Piaget's theory?
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What is one of the major transitions between Piaget's Preconceptual phase and the intuitive phase?
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What ages does Piaget's Preoperational phase cover?
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What is Psychosocial Development according to Erikson?
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What actions help in acquiring trust according to Erikson?
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How many phases are in Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust and what are they?
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What is the first phase in Erikson's model?
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What is the second phase in Erikson's model?
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What is the third phase in Erikson's model?
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What is Piaget's Cognitive Development stage for birth to 24 months?
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How many phases are in Piaget's Cognitive Development?
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What leads to mistrust according to Erikson?
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What is the most important social activity a baby encounters during the first 3-4 months according to Erikson?
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What is at its height in a newborn, according to Erikson?
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What is the reciprocal response to the infant's grasping?
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What is the progression in Piaget's sensorimotor phases?
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What are the three crucial events that take place during Piaget's sensorimotor phase?
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At what age do babies usually begin crawling according to Piaget?
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At what age do babies usually start walking according to Piaget?
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What is the recommended sleep/rest requirement for babies?
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How should juices be diluted for infants?
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Should infants be allowed to play by themselves?
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Why is microwaving a bottle and baby food not recommended?
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What are the two major health concerns in infants?
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Study Notes
Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
- Trust vs. Mistrust is a crucial period for infants, focusing on extreme growth and development.
- Trust is established through consistent actions like timely feeding, responsive care to cries, and physical affection.
- Three phases of Trust vs. Mistrust: Oral, Grasping, and Biting.
- Oral Phase emphasizes food intake, where behavior is egocentric and frustration tolerance is low.
- Grasping Phase highlights the importance of tactile stimulation in building trust.
- Biting Phase reflects the infant's efforts to control their environment and mitigate teething pain.
Cognitive Development (Piaget)
- Piaget's Cognitive Development includes six phases, beginning with the Sensory Motor Stage (birth to 24 months).
- Infants transition from reflexive to simple repetitive acts, and finally to imitative activities during sensorimotor development.
- Key events in the sensorimotor phase: self-identification, object permanence, and symbolic thought development.
- First Stage in Piaget's theory uses reflexes to express individuality.
- Primary Circular Reactions develop voluntary behaviors and environmental interaction from 1-4 months.
- Secondary Circular Reactions occur from 4-8 months, introducing object permanence and solitary play.
- Coordination of Secondary Schemes (9-12 months) leads to increased motor skills and anticipation of events.
- Intellectual reasoning emerges during the fourth stage of cognitive development.
Physical Development
- Weight doubles by six months and triples by one year; rapid growth occurs in the first six months (5-7 oz. weekly).
- Height increases by 1 inch per month for the first six months, leading to a 50% increase in length by age one.
- Baby's respiratory system functions through abdominal breathing.
- Newborn heart rates are irregular but are considered normal, while iron storages decrease over time.
- Major gastrointestinal processes begin by three months; drooling indicates active saliva production.
- The renal system remains immature until around two years of age.
Nutritional Needs
- The first six months require breastfeeding or bottle-feeding, with weaning dependent on the infant's readiness.
- Solid food introduction occurs in the second six months; head control and GI maturity are essential.
- Rice cereal is advisable before six months due to lower allergy risk.
- Cow's milk, egg whites, and honey should be introduced after one year to avoid allergies.
Social and Emotional Development
- Babies initially attach to their primary caregiver, typically the mother.
- Separation anxiety appears around six months; stranger fear develops by eight months.
- Solitary play begins, but interacting with others is crucial for developing various skills.
- Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) can arise from inadequate attachment.
Developmental Tasks of Toddlers
- The toddler stage (ages 1-3) involves autonomy vs. shame and doubt; caregivers should offer choices to support autonomy.
- Key psychological developmental tasks include differentiating self from others, tolerating separation, and mastering social communication.
Play and Interaction
- Play enhances motor skills, language, creativity, and cognitive development; solitary play is not recommended.
- Auditory, tactile, visual, and kinetic toys should be age-appropriate, focusing on sensory engagement.
Safety and Health
- Safety concerns involve prevention strategies for choking, falls, and electrical hazards.
- Pediatric visits start from one week old, continuing with regular check-ups until yearly visits after 24 months.
- Colic, or paroxysmal abdominal pain, can often be alleviated by techniques like burping and leg pumping.
Immunizations and Sleep Needs
- Immunizations vary, including live attenuated, inactivated, or toxoid vaccines.
- Infants need 12-22 hours of sleep per day, with REM sleep constituting about 20-30% post four months.
Faith Development (Fowler)
- Fowler's stages of faith development range from undifferentiated in infancy to individual-reflexive in adolescence.
- Spiritual development progresses alongside overall psychosocial growth, influenced by familial and social context.
Piaget's Stages Overview
- Preoperational Phase (ages 2-7) is split into Preconceptual (2-4 years) and Intuitive (4-7 years) phases, marked by imaginative thinking and social awareness shifts, respectively.
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Description
Explore key concepts of psychosocial development as proposed by Erik Erikson. This quiz focuses on the foundational stages of Trust vs. Mistrust and how early interactions shape a child's development. Test your knowledge on Erikson's theory and its implications for child care.
