54 Questions
What are the functions of the cervix?
Produces mucus to facilitate sperm migration
Which nerves supply pain fibers and parasympathetics to the cervix?
S2, S3, S4
What is the worldwide incidence of cervical cancer?
430,000 cases each year
What is the most common cause of cervical cancer?
HPV infection
What is the age at which cervical screening typically commences?
25 years
Who developed the colposcope?
Hans Hinselmann
What is the current treatment for stage 1b3 cervical cancer?
Chemo-radiotherapy
Who is known as the 'Mother of 2' and died at the age of 27 due to cervical cancer?
Jade Cerisa Lorraine Goody
What are the physiological changes in the cervix during pregnancy?
Increased vascularity/venous congestion
What is the age-standardized rate of cervical cancer incidence per 100,000 population?
120
What is the most common age group for cervical cancer screening?
25 - 49 years
What is the value of HeLa cells that have been living outside Henrietta Lacks' body for 62 years?
More than 50 million metric tons
What is the cervix?
The junction between the uterus and vagina
What are some physiological changes that occur in the cervix throughout life?
Ectropion, atrophy, changes in pregnancy
What is the primary blood supply to the cervix?
Uterine artery
What are the primary sites of lymphatic drainage from the cervix?
Parametrium, obturator, internal and external iliacs
What are some examples of congenital abnormalities of the cervix?
Agenesis and dysgenesis
What type of epithelium is present in the cervix?
Columnar epithelium
What happens to the transformation zone (TZ) of the cervix in menopause?
It recedes
What percentage of the cervix's stroma is composed of smooth muscle fibers?
Approximately 15%
What is the primary venous drainage pattern of the cervix?
It follows the uterine artery
What is the function of the cervix?
To act as a junction between the uterus and vagina
What are some pathological conditions that can affect the cervix?
Infections, screening for precancer, cervical cancer
What explains the anatomy of the cervix?
Embryology
What is the Greek term for cervix mentioned in the text?
Trachelos
What is the surgical term for the removal of the cervix mentioned in the text?
Hysterectomy
What is the cervix referred to as in the text due to its location?
Mouth of the uterus
What is the embryological significance mentioned in the text for understanding the cervix's anatomy?
Provides insight into the cervix's functions
Where is the cervix located in relation to the body of the uterus?
Below the uterus
What is the term used in the text for the part of the cervix that juts into the vagina?
Ectocervix
What is the primary component of the cervix?
Collagen tissue
What causes the cervix to produce mucus?
Facilitate sperm migration
What happens to the cervix during menopause?
Atrophy due to lack of estrogen
What is the appearance of a normal cervix under magnification?
Squamous epithelium, columnar epithelium, and mucus
What physiological change can occur in young women with high hormone levels?
Erosion or ectropion
What happens to cervical mucus mid-cycle during ovulation?
Becomes elastic and stringy (spinnbarkeit)
Which of the following can affect the cervix and have implications for fertility?
Complete agenesis
What influences the formation of the cervix?
Presence of anti-mullerian hormone in females
What is the main cause of cervical cancer?
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
What is the term used to describe certain cervical conditions?
Strawberry cervix
What can lead to the risk of pre-cancer and cancer in the cervix?
Metaplasia in the transformation zone
What can be used to examine the cervix under magnification?
Colposcopy
What is indicated by violin string adhesions observed with chlamydia in the cervix?
Fitzhugh Curtis syndrome
What can cause the cervix to appear paler, thinner, and less pink in menopause?
Absence of estrogen
What is the second most common cancer in women globally?
Cervical cancer
What is the critical area for cell changes in the cervix?
Transformation zone
What can lead to increased vascular proliferation and neovascularization in the cervix?
Micro-invasive changes
What can lower immunity and make it difficult for the body to clear HPV infections?
Smoking
What is the primary reason for the rising incidence of oropharyngeal cancers in women and tongue/tonsil cancers in male partners of women with cervical cancer?
Increased transmission of HPV through oral-genital contact
What is the primary reason for the cervix being most susceptible to cancer?
Presence of actively dividing cells
What is the primary method used for cervical screening?
Cytology smear tests
What is the primary factor contributing to higher HPV infection rates and lower screening participation?
Lower socioeconomic status and lack of health education
What is the primary reason for the increased risk of HPV-related malignancies in immunocompromised individuals?
Weakened immune response to HPV
What is the primary reason for HPV affecting various areas, including the cervix, vagina, vulva, and anus?
Close genital contact can lead to infection
Study Notes
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer Overview
- HPV is a common virus with over 150 different types, including 50 high-risk types and 100 low-risk types, with certain types predisposing individuals to cervical cancer.
- Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV or on immunosuppressive therapy, are at higher risk for HPV-related malignancies.
- Lower socioeconomic status and lack of health education can lead to higher HPV infection rates and lower screening participation.
- HPV is very common, and close genital contact can lead to infection, not just intercourse.
- HPV can affect various areas, including the cervix, vagina, vulva, and anus, with the cervix being most susceptible to cancer due to its actively dividing cells.
- Up to 95% of sexually active women may be infected with HPV, and condoms reduce but do not fully protect against infection.
- Oropharyngeal cancers in women and tongue/tonsil cancers in male partners of women with cervical cancer are rising due to HPV.
- HPV infects the cervix's epithelium, leading to cellular changes and dysplasia, which can progress to pre-cancerous and cancerous states.
- Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is graded as CIN1, CIN2, and CIN3 based on the extent of cellular changes, with CIN3 representing severe dysplasia.
- Cervical screening involves cytology smear tests starting at age 24.5, with 3-yearly tests from 25 to 49 and 5-yearly tests from 50 to 65, with potential changes based on HPV triage.
- Colposcopy allows for cervix assessment under magnification, and histology involves examining cervix tissue via biopsy.
- A side-to-brush is used for cytology, rotating it to pick up shed cells from the cervix, aiding in the detection of cellular abnormalities.
Test your knowledge about the cervix in health and disease with this informative quiz. Explore the anatomy, function, physiological variants, and pathological conditions related to the cervix. This quiz will cover key aspects such as embryology, location, and the role of the cervix.
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