L6 (T1): Physiology of thirst and fluid balance
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is known as an 'anti-diuretic hormone' and plays a role in the regulation of thirst and fluid balance?

  • Oxytocin
  • Arginine vasopressin (AVP) (correct)
  • Insulin
  • Adrenaline

    • What is the narrow range of plasma osmolality that ensures stable water balance?

  • 400-420 mosmol/kg
  • 320-350 mosmol/kg
  • 200-220 mosmol/kg
  • 285-295 mosmol/kg (correct)

    • What is the primary determinant of water balance regulation?

  • Arginine vasopressin (AVP) (correct)
  • Blood pressure
  • Sodium levels
  • Oxytocin

    • What is the condition characterized by excessive urine production and increased thirst?

    <p>Diabetes Insipidus (DI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood and excessive secretion of ADH?

    <p>Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone that acts on the renal tubule to allow changes in water excretion?

    <p>Arginine vasopressin (AVP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main hormone responsible for osmotically stimulated secretion of ADH?

    <p>Arginine vasopressin (AVP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the water deprivation test used to investigate?

    <p>Diabetes Insipidus (DI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by excessive thirst?

    <p>Polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood?

    <p>Hyponatraemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells detect changes in plasma osmolality?

    <p>Osmoreceptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are osmoreceptors located?

    <p>Anterior wall of 3rd ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates neuronal impulses that are transmitted to the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex?

    <p>Osmoreceptor cell volume change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the human form of ADH?

    <p>Arginine vasopressin (AVP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is vasopressin synthesized in the body?

    <p>Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does AVP action mediated via?

    <p>V2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does AVP-sensitive water channel promote in the kidney?

    <p>Water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to water channels when AVP is cleared?

    <p>They are removed from the luminal surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to AVP secretion and thirst when plasma osmolality is high?

    <p>AVP secretion and thirst increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main causes of polyuria and polydipsia, excluding diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Cranial (central) diabetes insipidus (DI), Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI), and Primary polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topic is the focus of the lecture?

    <p>The physiology of thirst and fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the speaker, why is the topic of fluid balance considered tricky?

    <p>Because it is inherently confusing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is associated with the condition called diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Posterior pituitary hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by excess urination and excessive thirst?

    <p>Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors does AVP act on in the kidneys?

    <p>V2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During water reabsorption, where do the aquaporin channels move to?

    <p>Luminal membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to AVP secretion and thirst when plasma osmolarity is low?

    <p>AVP secretion decreases and thirst is suppressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological response to high plasma osmolarity?

    <p>Increased AVP secretion and concentrated urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cranial diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Inability to concentrate urine during water deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment for cranial diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Desmopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Nonsteroidal drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk of taking excessive Desmopressin?

    <p>Fluid overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a condition in which the renal tubules are resistant to AVP?

    <p>Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe excessive thirst?

    <p>Polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger resistance to AVP in some individuals?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a condition in which a person drinks excessive amounts of fluid?

    <p>Psychogenic polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone deficiency is characterized by excessive thirst and urine production?

    <p>Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main causes of diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Central cranio, Neff Genic, primary politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a deficiency of AVP and can be genetic or idiopathic?

    <p>Central cranio diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone deficiency can lead to disordered thirst, appetite, temperature regulation, and sleep rhythm?

    <p>Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of mild and chronic hyponatremia?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause sudden hyponatremia?

    <p>Head injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the severe level of hyponatremia?

    <p>Less than 1 to 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key regulator of mortality in hyponatremia?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to the brain when hyponatremia is slow and chronic?

    <p>Adapt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are non-specific symptoms of hyponatremia?

    <p>Headache, nausea, low mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone responsible for water conservation in the body?

    <p>Arginine vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main ways by which water homeostasis is regulated in the body?

    <p>Hormonal regulation, thirst, and urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the hormone AVP synthesized in the body?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates fluid intake in the body?

    <p>Thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

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