60 Questions
What is sexual health?
A state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality
Why is the concept of 'sexual health' preferable to 'reproductive health'?
It emphasizes well-being in relation to sexuality, not just reproduction
Should we refer to STDs, STIs, or RTIs?
STIs
What percentage of the respondents in the Australian Study of Health & Relationships identified as exclusively heterosexual?
87.5%
What percentage of the respondents in the Australian Study of Health & Relationships identified as bisexual?
1.7%
What percentage of the respondents in the Australian Study of Health & Relationships identified as homosexual?
1.6%
What percentage of the respondents in the Australian Study of Health & Relationships reported having none of the mentioned sexual experiences?
2.4%
What is the statistical norm in relation to sexual identity?
Heterosexual
What does sexual health require?
A positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships
What is the concept of sexual health not merely about?
The absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity
What do national surveys reveal about the importance of an active sex life for well-being?
87% of men and 79% of women consider an active sex life important for well-being
What strongly correlates with sexual satisfaction according to the text?
Relationship satisfaction
What is influenced by knowledge, attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy according to the text?
Condom use
What is a major focus in sexual health, particularly regarding STIs?
Prevention
How do ideal and actual frequency of sex show gender differences according to the text?
They vary
What affects mental, physical, and sexual well-being according to the text?
Sexual coercion
What do limited professional support exist for according to the text?
Those experiencing sexual coercion
What varies with age and are not solely physical according to the text?
Sexual difficulties
What impacts subsequent sexual well-being according to the text?
Initial sexual experiences
What is most effective in promoting safe sexual behavior according to the text?
Interventions that enhance skills
What is the purpose of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP)?
Collecting data, treating individuals, notifying partners, and raising awareness about STIs
What has led to a decrease in the prevalence of HPV16 and HPV18?
Vaccination efforts
What is highlighted as crucial due to more sensitive tests and increased sexual activity among young people?
Promoting screening and testing for STIs
What is the focus of the studies cited in the text?
Heterosexual young adults, their attitudes toward sex and relationships, and the use of reliable contraception and condoms
What leads to insufficient pre-use counseling for PrEP prescribing?
Lack of familiarity with processes
What is highlighted as a need in balancing PrEP prescribing?
Promoting condom use to prevent other STIs
What percentage of eligible women received the 2-dose HPV vaccination?
84%
What aspect of sexual health do the studies cited address?
Behavioral interventions for increasing condom use and the psychosocial correlates of condom use
What does the text include information on regarding the trade-off between hormonal contraceptives and condoms?
The trade-off between hormonal contraceptives and condoms
What is the prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) among 20-24-year-old women?
20-40%
What is the Greek term for the cervix?
Trachelos
What surgical procedure involves the removal of the cervix?
Cervicectomy
What is the cervix often referred to as?
Mouth of the uterus
What does the cervix connect?
Vagina and body of the uterus
What does the cervix's embryology tell about its anatomy?
It's related to the uterus
What is the medical term for the part of the cervix jutting into the vagina?
Ectocervix
What can be observed in the cervix with chlamydia, indicating Fitzhugh Curtis syndrome?
Violin string adhesions
What can HPV cause in the cervix, which can lead to cervical cancer?
Warty changes
What is the second most common cancer in women globally?
Cervical cancer
What can micro-invasive changes in the cervix lead to, indicating pre-cancerous or cancerous changes?
Increased vascular proliferation
What does cervical cancer often present as?
Cauliflower-like growth
What has helped reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by 90% since the 1970s?
Screening programs
Which of the following is true about HPV and cervical cancer?
Lower socioeconomic status does not affect HPV infection rates
What is the grading for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) based on the extent of cellular changes?
CIN1, CIN2, and CIN3
What is the recommended age to start cervical screening with cytology smear tests?
24.5
Which area is most susceptible to cancer due to its actively dividing cells?
Cervix
What does colposcopy allow for in the assessment of the cervix?
Cervix assessment under magnification
What is used for cytology in cervical screening?
Brush
What influences the formation of the cervix?
Presence of anti-mullerian hormone in females
What is the critical area for cell changes in the cervix?
Transformation zone
What can be used to examine the cervix under magnification?
Colposcopy
What physiological change in menopause can affect the appearance of the cervix?
Decrease in estrogen levels
What is metaplasia in the context of the cervix?
Transformation of one mature cell type into another
What is the role of the cervix in producing vaginal discharge?
Production of discharge by the color epithelium lining the cervical canal
What is the primary composition of the cervix?
50% smooth muscle and 50% collagen tissue
From which artery does the blood supply to the cervix come?
Uterine artery
What physiological changes can occur in the cervix during menopause?
Atrophy
What is the appearance of a normal cervix under magnification?
Squamous epithelium, columnar epithelium, and mucus
What happens to cervical mucus mid-cycle during ovulation?
It becomes elastic and stringy
What happens to the cervix during childbirth?
It dilates to around 10 centimeters
Study Notes
Sexual Health and STI Prevention Summary
- Lack of familiarity with processes leads to insufficient pre-use counseling for PrEP prescribing (Babiarz et al., 2023).
- The need to balance PrEP prescribing with promoting condom use to prevent other STIs is highlighted (Babiarz et al., 2023).
- Promoting screening and testing for STIs is crucial, as diagnoses are not decreasing due to more sensitive tests and increased sexual activity among young people (Ratna et al., 2021).
- The National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) involves opportunistic screening of under-25s at various locations, such as non-GUM clinics (Ratna et al., 2021).
- The purpose of the NCSP includes collecting data, treating individuals, notifying partners, and raising awareness about STIs (Ratna et al., 2021).
- The prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) was 20-40% among 20-24-year-old women, leading to the introduction of HPV vaccination, with 84% of eligible women having received the 2-dose vaccination (PHE, 2020; Sonnenberg et al., 2014).
- The prevalence of HPV16 and HPV18 has now decreased to 6% due to vaccination efforts (PHE, 2020; Sonnenberg et al., 2014).
- References to key studies and resources for further reading are provided, including studies on sexual health and STI prevention, such as those by de Visser, Richters, and Traeger.
- The cited studies cover various aspects of sexual health, including condom use, sexual coercion, sexual difficulties, and the effects of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention.
- The studies also address behavioral interventions for increasing condom use and the psychosocial correlates of condom use.
- The focus is on heterosexual young adults, their attitudes toward sex and relationships, and the use of reliable contraception and condoms.
- The text includes information on the trade-off between hormonal contraceptives and condoms, as well as the sexual competence at first heterosexual intercourse and its association with subsequent sexual health status.
Anatomy and Function of the Cervix
- The cervix is primarily composed of collagen tissue, with only 15% smooth muscle
- Biopsying the cervix can lead to bleeding due to the lack of muscle causing blood vessels not to retract
- The blood supply to the cervix comes from the uterine artery, which is the first branch of the internal iliac artery
- The nerve supply to the cervix is from S2, S3, and S4, and stimulation of parasympathetic nerves can cause symptoms like nausea and clamminess
- The cervix produces mucus to facilitate sperm migration and acts as a barrier to infections
- During pregnancy, the cervix hypertrophies due to increased blood supply, becoming softer and larger
- Physiological changes in the cervix can include erosion or ectropion in young women with high hormone levels
- In menopause, the lack of estrogen can lead to atrophy of the cervix
- The appearance of a normal cervix under magnification includes squamous epithelium, columnar epithelium, and mucus
- Mid-cycle during ovulation, cervical mucus becomes elastic and stringy, known as the "spinnbarkeit"
- A speculum is used to visualize the cervix, with the anterior blade pushing the vaginal wall out of the way
- The cervix dilates to around 10 centimeters during childbirth, allowing the baby's head to pass through
Test your knowledge of sexual health and STI prevention with this informative quiz. Explore topics such as PrEP prescribing, condom use, STI screening, HPV vaccination, and behavioral interventions for promoting sexual health. Learn about key studies and resources for further reading while gaining insights into the crucial aspects of sexual health for young adults.
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