L6 (T3): The cervix in health and disease
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Questions and Answers

What is sexual health?

  • The absence of coercion, discrimination, and violence in sexual experiences
  • A state of complete physical, mental, spiritual, and social well-being
  • A state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality (correct)
  • The absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity in relation to sexuality
  • Why is the concept of 'sexual health' preferable to 'reproductive health'?

  • It promotes positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships
  • It emphasizes well-being in relation to sexuality, not just reproduction (correct)
  • It ensures pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination, and violence
  • It focuses on preventing disease and infirmity, not just reproduction
  • Should we refer to STDs, STIs, or RTIs?

  • STIs (correct)
  • STDs
  • STIs or RTIs depending on the specific infection
  • RTIs
  • What percentage of the respondents in the Australian Study of Health & Relationships identified as exclusively heterosexual?

    <p>87.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the respondents in the Australian Study of Health & Relationships identified as bisexual?

    <p>1.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the respondents in the Australian Study of Health & Relationships identified as homosexual?

    <p>1.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the respondents in the Australian Study of Health & Relationships reported having none of the mentioned sexual experiences?

    <p>2.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the statistical norm in relation to sexual identity?

    <p>Heterosexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sexual health require?

    <p>A positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of sexual health not merely about?

    <p>The absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do national surveys reveal about the importance of an active sex life for well-being?

    <p>87% of men and 79% of women consider an active sex life important for well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strongly correlates with sexual satisfaction according to the text?

    <p>Relationship satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is influenced by knowledge, attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy according to the text?

    <p>Condom use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major focus in sexual health, particularly regarding STIs?

    <p>Prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ideal and actual frequency of sex show gender differences according to the text?

    <p>They vary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects mental, physical, and sexual well-being according to the text?

    <p>Sexual coercion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do limited professional support exist for according to the text?

    <p>Those experiencing sexual coercion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What varies with age and are not solely physical according to the text?

    <p>Sexual difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impacts subsequent sexual well-being according to the text?

    <p>Initial sexual experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is most effective in promoting safe sexual behavior according to the text?

    <p>Interventions that enhance skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP)?

    <p>Collecting data, treating individuals, notifying partners, and raising awareness about STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has led to a decrease in the prevalence of HPV16 and HPV18?

    <p>Vaccination efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted as crucial due to more sensitive tests and increased sexual activity among young people?

    <p>Promoting screening and testing for STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the studies cited in the text?

    <p>Heterosexual young adults, their attitudes toward sex and relationships, and the use of reliable contraception and condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to insufficient pre-use counseling for PrEP prescribing?

    <p>Lack of familiarity with processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted as a need in balancing PrEP prescribing?

    <p>Promoting condom use to prevent other STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of eligible women received the 2-dose HPV vaccination?

    <p>84%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of sexual health do the studies cited address?

    <p>Behavioral interventions for increasing condom use and the psychosocial correlates of condom use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text include information on regarding the trade-off between hormonal contraceptives and condoms?

    <p>The trade-off between hormonal contraceptives and condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) among 20-24-year-old women?

    <p>20-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Greek term for the cervix?

    <p>Trachelos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical procedure involves the removal of the cervix?

    <p>Cervicectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cervix often referred to as?

    <p>Mouth of the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cervix connect?

    <p>Vagina and body of the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cervix's embryology tell about its anatomy?

    <p>It's related to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for the part of the cervix jutting into the vagina?

    <p>Ectocervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be observed in the cervix with chlamydia, indicating Fitzhugh Curtis syndrome?

    <p>Violin string adhesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can HPV cause in the cervix, which can lead to cervical cancer?

    <p>Warty changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second most common cancer in women globally?

    <p>Cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can micro-invasive changes in the cervix lead to, indicating pre-cancerous or cancerous changes?

    <p>Increased vascular proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cervical cancer often present as?

    <p>Cauliflower-like growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has helped reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by 90% since the 1970s?

    <p>Screening programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about HPV and cervical cancer?

    <p>Lower socioeconomic status does not affect HPV infection rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the grading for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) based on the extent of cellular changes?

    <p>CIN1, CIN2, and CIN3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age to start cervical screening with cytology smear tests?

    <p>24.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is most susceptible to cancer due to its actively dividing cells?

    <p>Cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does colposcopy allow for in the assessment of the cervix?

    <p>Cervix assessment under magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used for cytology in cervical screening?

    <p>Brush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the formation of the cervix?

    <p>Presence of anti-mullerian hormone in females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical area for cell changes in the cervix?

    <p>Transformation zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to examine the cervix under magnification?

    <p>Colposcopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change in menopause can affect the appearance of the cervix?

    <p>Decrease in estrogen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metaplasia in the context of the cervix?

    <p>Transformation of one mature cell type into another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cervix in producing vaginal discharge?

    <p>Production of discharge by the color epithelium lining the cervical canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the cervix?

    <p>50% smooth muscle and 50% collagen tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which artery does the blood supply to the cervix come?

    <p>Uterine artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological changes can occur in the cervix during menopause?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of a normal cervix under magnification?

    <p>Squamous epithelium, columnar epithelium, and mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cervical mucus mid-cycle during ovulation?

    <p>It becomes elastic and stringy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cervix during childbirth?

    <p>It dilates to around 10 centimeters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sexual Health and STI Prevention Summary

    • Lack of familiarity with processes leads to insufficient pre-use counseling for PrEP prescribing (Babiarz et al., 2023).
    • The need to balance PrEP prescribing with promoting condom use to prevent other STIs is highlighted (Babiarz et al., 2023).
    • Promoting screening and testing for STIs is crucial, as diagnoses are not decreasing due to more sensitive tests and increased sexual activity among young people (Ratna et al., 2021).
    • The National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) involves opportunistic screening of under-25s at various locations, such as non-GUM clinics (Ratna et al., 2021).
    • The purpose of the NCSP includes collecting data, treating individuals, notifying partners, and raising awareness about STIs (Ratna et al., 2021).
    • The prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) was 20-40% among 20-24-year-old women, leading to the introduction of HPV vaccination, with 84% of eligible women having received the 2-dose vaccination (PHE, 2020; Sonnenberg et al., 2014).
    • The prevalence of HPV16 and HPV18 has now decreased to 6% due to vaccination efforts (PHE, 2020; Sonnenberg et al., 2014).
    • References to key studies and resources for further reading are provided, including studies on sexual health and STI prevention, such as those by de Visser, Richters, and Traeger.
    • The cited studies cover various aspects of sexual health, including condom use, sexual coercion, sexual difficulties, and the effects of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention.
    • The studies also address behavioral interventions for increasing condom use and the psychosocial correlates of condom use.
    • The focus is on heterosexual young adults, their attitudes toward sex and relationships, and the use of reliable contraception and condoms.
    • The text includes information on the trade-off between hormonal contraceptives and condoms, as well as the sexual competence at first heterosexual intercourse and its association with subsequent sexual health status.

    Anatomy and Function of the Cervix

    • The cervix is primarily composed of collagen tissue, with only 15% smooth muscle
    • Biopsying the cervix can lead to bleeding due to the lack of muscle causing blood vessels not to retract
    • The blood supply to the cervix comes from the uterine artery, which is the first branch of the internal iliac artery
    • The nerve supply to the cervix is from S2, S3, and S4, and stimulation of parasympathetic nerves can cause symptoms like nausea and clamminess
    • The cervix produces mucus to facilitate sperm migration and acts as a barrier to infections
    • During pregnancy, the cervix hypertrophies due to increased blood supply, becoming softer and larger
    • Physiological changes in the cervix can include erosion or ectropion in young women with high hormone levels
    • In menopause, the lack of estrogen can lead to atrophy of the cervix
    • The appearance of a normal cervix under magnification includes squamous epithelium, columnar epithelium, and mucus
    • Mid-cycle during ovulation, cervical mucus becomes elastic and stringy, known as the "spinnbarkeit"
    • A speculum is used to visualize the cervix, with the anterior blade pushing the vaginal wall out of the way
    • The cervix dilates to around 10 centimeters during childbirth, allowing the baby's head to pass through

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of sexual health and STI prevention with this informative quiz. Explore topics such as PrEP prescribing, condom use, STI screening, HPV vaccination, and behavioral interventions for promoting sexual health. Learn about key studies and resources for further reading while gaining insights into the crucial aspects of sexual health for young adults.

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